To examine Australian General Practitioners’ (GPs) confidence in initiating oral anticoagulants (OACs) for patients with atrial fibrillation (AF), and their practices for monitoring treatment adherence.

Cross-sectional online survey.

GPs practising in metropolitan, regional and rural/remote locations in Australia.

1765 Australian GPs recruited through professional GP networks.

GPs’ self-reported confidence initiating OACs; practices monitoring patient adherence and persistence; and perceived barriers to adherence. Demographic data including clinical experience and geographic location were collected. ² analyses were used to examine associations between the key outcome variables and GP location and clinical experience.

Of 1765 respondents, 83.1% had practised for >10 years and 27.6% worked in regional or rural/remote areas. Overall, only 50.2% reported high confidence initiating OACs in patients with CHA₂DS₂-VA score ≥2 (a cumulative stroke risk score with a score of 1 for: congestive heart failure, hypertension, diabetes, vascular disease and age 65-74 years and 2 for: stroke/transient ischaemic attack, age ≥ 75 years). Unsurprisingly, confidence was higher among GPs with >10 years experience (51.5%) compared with 5–10 years (44.9%) and

Only half of GPs reported high confidence initiating OAC treatment, and approximately a quarter do not routinely monitor medication adherence or persistence. Targeted strategies to improve confidence and align practices with guideline recommendations are required. Appropriate education should be developed targeting the specific issues underlying lack of confidence in initiating OAC and the practice of referring newly diagnosed patients to cardiology. Further research into implementing systems for monitoring and improving adherence and persistence would be worthwhile in the context of these findings.

National cross-sectional survey.

Hospitals delivering orthopaedic and trauma services across all levels of care and ownership categories in Tanzania.

Licensed orthopaedic and trauma surgeons practising in Tanzania served as key informants for their respective hospitals. A total of 171 surgeons provided data on 92 unique hospitals nationwide.

Primary outcomes included orthopaedic departmental structural capacity, availability of multidisciplinary specialist support, external support mechanisms and in-hospital orthopaedic training activities.

A response rate of 77.7% yielded data on 92 hospitals delivering orthopaedic and trauma services nationwide. Structural capacity varied widely, with only 19.6% of hospitals reporting more than 50 orthopaedic beds, 43.5% relying on a single orthopaedic surgeon, and 47.8% operating with one or two functional theatres. Access to specialist support was limited, with vascular trauma surgeons available in 9.8% of hospitals and plastic and reconstructive surgeons in 8.7%. Intensivists were available in 41.3% of facilities and anaesthesiologists in 57.6%, while physiotherapists were present in 90.2% of hospitals but occupational therapists in only 28.3%. External dependence was common, with 41.3% of hospitals relying on donated implants and 29.3% participating in outreach programmes. In-hospital orthopaedic training opportunities were limited, with seminars or workshops available in 25.0% of hospitals. Across domains, higher-tier hospitals demonstrated significantly greater structural capacity and specialist availability.

Orthopaedic and trauma services in Tanzania are available across multiple levels of the health system but are characterised by inequitable workforce distribution, limited capacity at lower-tier hospitals and substantial reliance on external assistance. Integrated strategies linking infrastructure development, multidisciplinary workforce expansion, sustainable procurement and decentralised training are essential to strengthen the organisation and resilience of orthopaedic and trauma services nationwide.

This study assessed the associations between asthma, gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD) and health-related quality-of-life (HRQoL) among adolescents.

A cross-sectional survey.

Six randomly selected schools across all five educational zones of the Anuradhapura district in Sri Lanka.

A total of 1127 adolescents aged 13–14 years were included from six randomly selected schools representing all five educational zones in the Anuradhapura district, Sri Lanka.

Prevalence of asthma and GORD, the associations between asthma, GORD and HRQoL among adolescents in Sri Lanka.

This study of 1127 adolescents (44.8% male, mean age 13.66±0.56 years) found that 16.1% (n=181) had current asthma and 17.9% (n=202) exhibited symptoms of GORD. A significant association was observed between current asthma and GORD (OR 2.30, 95% CI 1.59 to 3.31, p=0.0005). Comorbidity of asthma and GORD was observed in 4.8% of participants (n=54). The total HRQoL score was not associated with asthma, GORD or those having both asthma and GORD. However, the presence of GORD was associated with poor emotional functioning (unstandardized regression coefficient ± standard error = -4.7±1.7, p=0.008).

Asthma and GORD were significantly associated among early adolescents in Sri Lanka. While overall HRQoL did not differ by disease status, the presence of GORD was associated with poorer emotional functioning.

To assess the impact of the non-reimbursement policy on vitamin D therapy discontinuation in patients from the general and rheumatic populations.

A cross-sectional study.

Research institute specialised in health research and two outpatient pharmacies in the Netherlands.

Patients from the general and rheumatic population with an active prescription for vitamin D supplementation therapy were included.

Data were collected between April and May 2023 through self-reported questionnaires. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression were performed using STATA V. 17. P value

The primary outcome was the proportion of patients who discontinued vitamin D supplementation therapy following the implementation of the non-reimbursement policy. Secondary outcomes included patient-reported reasons for therapy discontinuation and the association between patient-related characteristics and the risk of therapy discontinuation. In addition, the proportion of patients who switched to an alternative supplement and whether this switch had been made in consultation with a healthcare provider was examined.

Of the 4800 patients, 302 (6.4%) patients discontinued their vitamin D therapy. The three most frequently reported reasons for therapy discontinuation were the inability to afford supplements without reimbursement, not willing to pay for supplements without reimbursement and being unaware of the alternative vitamin D supplements to switch to. Younger age, financial constraints and limited health literacy were significantly associated with vitamin D therapy discontinuation (p

The implementation of the non-reimbursement policy resulted in a small proportion of patients discontinuing their vitamin D therapy. Elevated discontinuation rates were associated with specific patient-related characteristics including patients aged

To examine the associations between food-related behaviours and nutrient intake on nutritional status among clients undergoing Community-Based Treatment and Rehabilitation (CBTaR) in Kelantan, Malaysia.

Cross-sectional analytical study.

Seven CBTaR centres (n=7) across the state of Kelantan, Malaysia.

A total of 393 adult clients (aged 18 years and above) enrolled in CBTaR programmes between June and December 2022 were selected through stratified random sampling.

The primary outcome was nutritional status, assessed using body mass index. Secondary outcomes included nutrient intake (macronutrients and micronutrients) and food-related behaviours (emotional eating, external eating, restrained eating and food addiction), measured through Bahasa Malaysia validated questionnaires and 24-hour dietary recalls. All variables were introduced into the structural equation modelling to examine the associations among these variables and their association with nutritional status.

The results revealed that food-related behaviour was significantly associated with the nutrient intake (β=–0.524, p≤0.001). Additionally, the drug use profile significantly determined the food-related behaviour (β=–0.129, p=0.006) and nutritional status (β=–0.134, p=0.007). Nutrient intake was found to be a significant predictor of nutritional status (β=–0.213, p≤0.001). Sociodemographic and drug use profiles were significantly correlated with nutritional outcomes through behavioural and dietary associations. Importance-performance map analysis identified nutrient intake as the most impactful variable, highlighting the need for urgent intervention (R²=0.272).

This study highlights that nutrient intake is a significant predictor associated with food-related behaviours on nutritional status among individuals with substance use disorder. Integrating nutrition counselling and behavioural interventions into CBTaR services may improve recovery and long-term health outcomes.

The effectiveness of humanitarian health and nutrition programmes in Somalia is critically dependent on seamless collaboration and coordination among a diverse array of actors. While existing literature acknowledges broad challenges to coordination such as insecurity, resource competition and fragmentation, a significant gap remains in understanding how these barriers and their corresponding enablers actively manifest in the daily operations and decision-making processes of frontline practitioners.

This study aims to provide a systematic, in-depth exploration of the barriers and enablers influencing collaboration and coordination mechanisms from the perspective of those directly involved in the response.

A qualitative study was conducted using semi-structured, in-depth interviews. Data were analysed using a deductive thematic approach guided by the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research.

The study was conducted across the entire territory of Somalia, encompassing its five member states, the capital city Mogadishu, and the self-declared independent state of Somaliland.

A total of 26 participants, including executive directors, health and nutrition programme managers, coordinators from international and national non-governmental organisations (NGOs), government officials and community members, were interviewed.

Key barriers included poor adaptability and high complexity related to collaborative initiatives (intervention characteristics); armed conflicts, climatic shocks, deeply ingrained sociocultural practices and restrictive government policies (outer setting); inadequate information technology infrastructure and hierarchical communication (inner setting); high staff turnover (individual characteristics). Key enablers included strong inter-agency partnerships (outer setting); supportive organisational culture (inner setting); competent and motivated staff (individual characteristics); and robust planning, engaging and evaluation processes (process).

The study highlights the complex contextual factors that impact the effectiveness of collaboration and coordination mechanisms among humanitarianorganisations operating in Somalia. Policymakers should unify governance, agencies prioritise localisation and donors allocate quotas to local NGOs to enhance aid delivery.

To assess the pooled prevalence of self-reported sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and their associated factors among adults in South and Southeast Asia, using the Demographic and Health Survey data collected between 2015 and 2023.

A community-based cross-sectional study design was conducted using a multistage cluster sampling approach. Multilevel multivariable logistic regression analysis was employed to identify predictors of self-reported sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Model selection was guided by Akaike’s information criterion, and adjusted odds ratios (AORs) with 95% CIs were estimated to determine statistically significant associations.

South and Southeast Asia.

This analysis included a weighted sample of 791 019 adults aged 15–49 who reported ever having had sexual intercourse. The majority of the participants were female (n=6 87 880; 87%), and most were from Southeast Asia (n=7 00 539; 89%).

The pooled prevalence of self-reported STIs among adults in South and Southeast Asia was 12.94% (95% CI 7.73% to 18.14%). At the individual level, higher odds of reporting STIs were associated with being female (AOR 1.84; 95% CI1.68 to 2.02), having middle (AOR 1.11; 95% CI 1.04 to 1.19) or high wealth status (AOR 1.15; 95% CI 1.07 to 1.24]), being employed (AOR 1.14; 95% CI 1.07 to 1.22), having multiple sexual partners (AOR 2.79; 95% CI 2.22 to 3.52) and having undergone HIV testing (AOR 1.10; 95% CI: 1.02 to 1.20). Conversely, lower odds of self-reported STIs were observed among individuals aged 35–39 years (AOR 0.78; 95% CI 0.66 to 0.92), 40–44 years (AOR 0.68; 95% CI 0.58 to 0.82) and 45–49 years (AOR 0.61; 95% CI 0.52 to 0.73); those who had ever been in a union (AOR 0.71; 95% CI 0.62 to 0.83); individuals with higher education (AOR 0.84; 95% CI 0.76 to 0.93); and those with comprehensive HIV knowledge (AOR 0.82; 95% CI 0.77 to 0.87). At the community level, high illiteracy rates (AOR 1.25; 95% CI 1.15 to 1.35) and high media non-exposure (AOR 1.11; 95% CI 1.02 to 1.20) were positively associated with STIs, while rural residence (AOR 0.81; 95% CI 0.74 to 0.89) and living in Southeast Asia (AOR: 0.47; 95% CI 0.42 to 0.53) were linked to lower odds of self-reported STIs.

A substantial prevalence of self-reported STIs was observed among adults in South and Southeast Asia. Both individual- and community-level factors influence STI risk. The individual-level determinants include socio-demographic characteristics, sexual behaviours, HIV-related knowledge and testing history, while community-level factors reflect disparities in geographic location, educational attainment and media exposure.

Pneumonia and diarrhoea are two of the major causes of child mortality globally. Countries affected by conflict and other humanitarian emergencies, such as Somalia, have a particularly high burden of these diseases. Published reports from UNICEF and WHO have shown that various factors, including social, economic and environmental factors, are all associated with the occurrence of childhood pneumonia and diarrhoea. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence, burden and associated sociodemographic determinants of pneumonia and diarrhoea among children younger than 5 years (under-5 children) in Somalia.

A community-based survey using an interviewer-administered questionnaire was conducted employing a modified WHO Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) 30-Cluster sampling technique to identify households and respondents in nine selected districts across six member states in Somalia. The interviewers began selecting households starting from house number 1 and continued until 75 households were surveyed in each cluster.

We considered the catchment areas of 12 target maternal and child health (MCH) centres as our study areas. Villages were considered as primary sampling units (PSU) while households within villages were considered as secondary sampling units, where women (with under-5 children) within households were the respondents.

A total of 36 clusters (villages) were selected from the catchment areas of 12 target MCH centres. All households within the selected villages’ PSUs were listed. The interviewer started interviewing from house number 1 and continued till 75 households were covered to conduct interviews with mothers of under-5 children. Data collection took place between October and December 2023.

The prevalence and burden of childhood pneumonia and diarrhoea were estimated. A logistic regression model was employed to examine the determinants of childhood pneumonia and diarrhoea.

A total of 2483 under-5 morbidities were reported, 1712 probable pneumonia cases and 825 diarrhoea cases. Our calculations suggest that the prevalence of overall under-5 morbidity was 458.4 per 1000 children (95% CI 444.3 to 472.6) in the last 90 days. The prevalence of pneumonia and diarrhoea was 316.0 (95% CI 303.5 to 328.8) and 152.3 (95% CI 142.2 to 162.8) per 1000 under-5 children, respectively. A total of 70 under-5 deaths occurred in the past year, of which 37 were infants. Our exploration depicts an under-5 mortality rate of 39.3 deaths per 1000 live births per year (95% CI 30.6 to 49.7), and the infant mortality rate was 20.8 per 1000 live births per year (95% CI 14.8 to 28.6) in the study area, which is much lower than earlier estimates. The crude birth rate was 106.6 per 1000 population, and the stillbirth rate was 149.8 per 1000 births (95% CI 134.9 to 165.7), which is very high. We explored probable causes of 70 under-5 deaths and found that the highest proportion of under-5 deaths (22.9%) was due to acute respiratory infections (ARI), and about 15.7% were due to diarrhoea. Among other probable causes, congenital diseases (12.9%), accidents (11.4%) and measles (8.6%) were noteworthy.

This study revealed a high burden of pneumonia and diarrhoea among the studied population in Somalia. The study also identified important sociodemographic and environmental determinants that tend to increase the risk of pneumonia and diarrhoea among under-5 children.

As of 2024, 123.2 million people had been forcibly displaced as a result of persecution, armed conflict or climate-related catastrophes, and these numbers are predicted to rise. There is a growing awareness of possible intergenerational effects of trauma on life-course health and well-being, however few studies have followed individuals longitudinally starting prenatally. This paper describes the first large prenatal birth cohort study in a refugee context in a lower middle-income country. This study aims to investigate the potential lifespan health and developmental implications of being born into a protracted humanitarian context, and what factors can buffer from the adversity posed by conflict and displacement.

We outline our approach of recruiting, consenting and gathering data from pregnant Rohingya refugee and host community women (N=2888; 80% Rohingya) over the course of 12 months in Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh.

A fifth wave of data collection, when children were 6 months old, was completed in April 2025. Rohingya women were substantially less literate; were marrying and having children at slightly younger ages, were more likely to live in crowded, resource-limited households and exhibited higher rates of clinically significant post-traumatic stress disorder and anxiety than host community women.

There is a critical need for research in displaced populations in order to elucidate potentially lasting transgenerational impacts of experiencing conflict and displacement trauma, and the prenatal and postnatal factors that support health and development across the life span. The next follow-up is planned when the children turn 36 months of age (starting March 2026).

Improving outcomes from sepsis in children is a WHO Global Health Priority, yet mortality from sepsis remains high, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). This database from children with community-acquired childhood sepsis in LMICs and some high-income countries will allow analysis of the burden of disease, including incidence, severity and outcomes. Understanding these aspects of sepsis care is fundamental for the design and conduct of future international interventional trials to improve childhood sepsis outcomes.

This multicountry retrospective observational study will include children up to 18 years of age presenting to emergency departments with suspected sepsis, defined as admission to hospital for treatment with intravenous antibiotics plus (1) a provisional diagnosis of sepsis and/or (2) treatment for suspected sepsis (operationalised as the administration of one or more fluid bolus to treat impaired perfusion or vasoactive infusion). Presenting characteristics, management and outcomes will be collected. These will include vital signs, serum biomarkers, intravenous fluid administration for the first 24 hours of hospitalisation, organ support therapies delivered, antimicrobial use, microbiological diagnoses, hospital and intensive care unit length of stay, and mortality censored at hospital discharge or 30 days from enrolment (whichever occurs first).

Central ethics approval was received from the Royal Children’s Hospital of Melbourne, Australia Human Research Ethics Committee (HREC/100648/RCHM-2023). Each international site will be required to obtain local Institutional Research Ethics Board approval. The findings will be disseminated in peer-reviewed journals, at academic conferences and through lay media. A cleaned study database and individual site-level data will be made available to site investigators upon completion of the study.

This study was registered with the Australian and New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry on 23 January 2024 prior to commencement of recruitment (ACTRN12624000052538).

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic neurological condition that affects approximately 150 000 people in the UK and presents a significant healthcare burden, including the high costs of disease-modifying treatments (DMTs). DMTs have substantially reduced the risk of relapse and moderately reduced disability progression. Patients exhibit a wide range of responses to available DMTs. The Predicting Optimal INdividualised Treatment response in MS (POINT-MS) cohort was established to predict the individual treatment response by integrating comprehensive clinical phenotyping with imaging, serum and genetic biomarkers of disease activity and progression. Here, we present the baseline characteristics of the cohort and provide an overview of the study design, laying the groundwork for future analyses.

POINT-MS is a prospective, observational research cohort and biobank of 781 adult participants with a diagnosis of MS who consented to study enrolment on initiation of a DMT at the Queen Square MS Centre (National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospital NHS Trust, London) between 01/07/2019 and 31/07/2024. All patients were invited for clinical assessments, including the expanded disability status scale (EDSS) score, brief international cognitive assessment for MS and various patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs). They additionally underwent MRI at 3T, optical coherence tomography and blood tests (for genotyping and serum biomarkers quantification), at baseline (i.e., within 3 months from commencing a DMT), and between 6–12 (re-baseline), 18–24, 30–36, 42–48 and 54–60 months after DMT initiation.

748 participants provided baseline data. They were mostly female (68%) and White (75%) participants, with relapsing–remitting MS (94.3%), and with an average age of 40.8 (±10.9) years and a mean disease duration of 7.9 (±7.4) years since symptom onset. Despite low disability (median EDSS 2.0), cognitive impairment was observed in 40% of participants. Most patients (98.4%) had at least one comorbidity. At study entry, 59.2% were treatment naïve, and 83.2% initiated a high-efficacy DMT. Most patients (76.4%) were in either full- or part-time employment. PROMs indicated heterogeneous impairments in physical and mental health, with a greater psychological than physical impact and with low levels of fatigue. When baseline MRI scans were compared with previous scans (available in 668 (89%) patients; mean time since last scan 9±8 months), 26% and 8.5% of patients had at least one new brain or spinal cord lesion at study entry, respectively. Patients showed a median volume of brain lesions of 6.14 cm³, with significant variability among patients (CI 1.1 to 34.1). When brain tissue volumes z-scores were obtained using healthy subjects (N=113, (mean age 42.3 (± 11.8) years, 61.9% female)) from a local MRI database, patients showed a slight reduction in the volumes of the whole grey matter (–0.16 (–0.22 to –0.09)), driven by the deep grey matter (–0.47 (–0.55 to –0.40)), and of the whole white matter (–0.18 (–0.28 to –0.09)), but normal cortical grey matter volumes (0.10 (0.05 to 0.15)). The mean upper cervical spinal cord cross-sectional area (CSA), as measured from volumetric brain scans, was 62.3 (SD 7.5) mm². When CSA z-scores were obtained from the same healthy subjects used for brain measures, patients showed a slight reduction in CSA (–0.15 (–0.24 to –0.10)).

Modelling with both standard statistics and machine learning approaches is currently planned to predict individualised treatment response by integrating all the demographic, socioeconomic, clinical data with imaging, genetic and serum biomarkers. The long-term output of this research is a stratification tool that will guide the selection of DMTs in clinical practice on the basis of the individual prognostic profile. We will complete long-term follow-up data in 4 years (January 2029). The biobank and MRI repository will be used for collaborative research on the mechanisms of disability in MS.

This study aimed to determine the association between diabetes mellitus (DM) medication use and glycaemic control.

This was a retrospective diabetes registry-based cohort study.

Singapore.

Patients aged 18 and above with incident DM in the SingHealth Diabetes Registry from 2013 to 2020 were included. The entire study period included a 1 year baseline period, a 1 year observation period and a 3 month outcome period.

Drug use was measured using the proportion of days covered (PDC), and the changes in glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) between the outcome and baseline periods were assessed. The associations between baseline HbA1c and PDC ≥0.80 and between PDC and change in HbA1c were analysed using logistic regression and the Kruskal–Wallis test, respectively.

Of 184 646 unique patients in the registry from 2013 to 2020, 36 314 met the inclusion and exclusion criteria and were included in the analysis. The median PDC for any DM drug, oral DM drugs and insulin during the observation period was 20.3%, 16.8% and 0%, respectively. Those who had good glycaemic control at baseline were less likely to receive DM drugs and those with poor baseline glycaemic control or missing baseline HbA1c were more likely to be consistent users (PDC >80%) (px 10^-16).

The relationship between DM drug use and glycaemic control is complex and non-monotonic. Higher PDC for any DM drug and oral DM drugs during the observation period was significantly associated with clinically relevant HbA1c improvements.

Heart failure clinics (HFCs) are associated with increased survival rates, lower hospitalisation and improved quality of life. This study investigated factors influencing patient access to multidisciplinary outpatient HFCs from the perspective of patients and cardiologists.

This was a qualitative study. A trained researcher conducted semistructured face-to-face interviews with patients and online interviews with cardiologists. Interviews, conducted between March and October 2023, were audio-recorded. Transcripts were cleaned (deidentification, translation verification) and analysed by two trained researchers independently using systematic text condensation in NVivo v12. Codes were derived from the transcripts and grouped and organised into themes. Two authors independently coded data, reconciling disagreements with the senior author, followed by respondent validation. Member checking ensued.

Outpatient multidisciplinary HFCs in Qatar.

A purposive sample of patients diagnosed with heart failure who had attended at least one HFC appointment at Qatar’s Heart Hospital were approached in person or via phone, and cardiologists with the authority to make referrals to these clinics via the electronic medical record system were emailed; interviews ensued until theme saturation was achieved.

26 individuals (14 patients and 12 cardiologists) participated in the interviews. Four major themes were identified: health system organisation (subthemes: benefits, HFC triage criteria, need/capacity), HFC referral processes (subthemes: electronic record system, patient communication and education), care continuity and communication (subthemes: patient navigators, clinician preferences) and access challenges (subthemes: transportation, costs).

Resources are needed to expand HFC capacity and coverage, leverage electronic medical record tools as well as telehealth, educate physicians and patients on referral guidelines and processes and engage primary care to ultimately improve patient outcomes.

Sepsis is a major cause of death both globally and in the United States. Early identification and treatment of sepsis are crucial for improving patient outcomes. International guidelines recommend hospital sepsis screening programmes, which are commonly implemented in the electronic health record (EHR) as an interruptive sepsis screening alert based on systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) criteria. Despite widespread use, it is unknown whether these sepsis screening and alert tools improve the delivery of high-quality sepsis care.

The Sepsis Electronic Prompting for Timely Intervention and Care (SEPTIC) master protocol will study two distinct populations in separate trials: emergency department (ED) patients (SEPTIC-ED) and inpatients (SEPTIC-IP). The SEPTIC trials are pragmatic, multicentre, blinded, randomised controlled trials, with equal allocation to compare four SIRS-based sepsis screening alert groups: no alerts (control), nurse alerts only, prescribing clinician alerts only, or nurse and prescribing clinician alerts. Randomisation will be at the patient level. SEPTIC will be performed at eight acute-care hospitals in the greater New York City area and enrol patients at least 18 years old. The primary outcome is the percentage of patients with completion of a modified Surviving Sepsis Campaign (SSC) hour-1 bundle within 3 hours of the first SIRS alert. Secondary outcomes include time from first alert to completion of a modified SSC hour-1 bundle, time from first alert to individual bundle component order and completion, intensive care unit (ICU) transfer, hospital discharge disposition, inpatient mortality at 90 days, positive blood cultures (bacteraemia), adverse antibiotic events, sepsis diagnoses and septic shock diagnoses.

Ethics approval was obtained from the Columbia University Institutional Review Board (IRB) serving as a single IRB. Results will be disseminated in peer-reviewed journal(s), scientific meeting(s) and via social media.

ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT06117605 and NCT06117618.