Conectar
Thromboangiitis obliterans (TAO) is a rare, tobacco-associated vasculitis that primarily affects the distal extremities of young males. In advanced stages, it often leads to chronic limb ischemia with ischemic ulceration, culminating in amputation. Data on risk factors for reamputation in this population remain limited. This study aimed to identify clinical, radiological and microbiological predictors of reamputation in patients with TAO-related foot ulcers undergoing amputation. A retrospective cohort study was conducted on 25 patients (31 limbs) with Fontaine stage IV TAO ulcers who underwent lower extremity amputation between January 2021 and December 2024. Patients were stratified into two groups based on whether they underwent repeat amputation (Group 1) or a single procedure (Group 2). Preoperative magnetic resonance imaging, intraoperative tissue cultures and laboratory data were evaluated. Smoking status, hospitalisation metrics and adjunctive therapies were recorded. Statistical analysis included Mann–Whitney U, Fisher's exact test, ROC curve analysis and multivariate logistic regression. Seventeen limbs required reamputation. Persistent smoking was observed in 100% of Group 1 compared with 58.4% of Group 2 (p = 0.015). Positive intraoperative cultures were significantly more frequent in Group 1 (64.7% vs. 21.4%; p = 0.029), with all multidrug-resistant organisms confined to this group. Length of hospital stay was significantly longer in Group 1 (25.2 ± 6.4 vs. 15.8 ± 5.3 days; p = 0.001). ROC analysis identified > 19 days of hospitalisation as a threshold for reamputation risk (AUC = 0.781; p = 0.018). Multivariate analysis identified three independent predictors of reamputation: persistent smoking (OR: 5.2, 95% CI: 1.2–22.8; p = 0.015), positive intraoperative culture (OR: 4.7, 95% CI: 1.1–20.1; p = 0.041), and hospitalisation longer than 19 days (OR: 6.5, 95% CI: 1.4–29.4; p = 0.018). Reamputation in advanced-stage TAO is strongly associated with modifiable factors, particularly ongoing tobacco use, Gram-negative infection and prolonged hospital stay. Early identification and targeted intervention addressing these variables may improve limb preservation outcomes in this high-risk population.
Colon cancer (RC) patients holding an intestinal stoma recorded lower health-related quality of life (HRQOL) levels. Intestinal stoma leads to several difficulties, like travel, work, and sporting activities. Patients with an intestinal stoma frequently experienced changes in their HRQOL. The COH-QOL-Ostomy questionnaire comprehensively measured these changes across physical, psychological, social, and spiritual domains. We reviewed literature in order to assess any differences in HRQOL between females and males and between intestinal stoma permanence among these patients. We conducted a literature review from: British Nursing Collection, Embase, MEDLINE, Nursing & Allied Health Database, PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science databases, without any time limits. The protocol was registered with PROSPERO no. CRD420251040414. A total of 492 records were identified. Of these, 362 records were removed, obtaining 130 potential records. However, 126 of these were excluded as they did not meet the inclusion criteria including only 4 records for further analysis. The COH-QOL-Ostomy questionnaire has been considered to assess HRQOL total score and its related sub dimensions, specifically physical, psychological, social and spiritual well-being. For each item, a Likert scale has been associated raging from zero (worse outcome) to 10 (good outcome). A total of 915 observations were collected, specifically 401 related to females and 514 to males. Additionally, a total of 670 observations were recorded: 338 belonging to the temporary group and 332 to the permanent one. Data reported a significant difference in the Psychological Well Being dimensions between the two groups, in favour of the female group (t = −3.66; p = 0.035). Considering the ostomy permanence, the temporary group reported a significant and better total quality of life score (t = −7.53; p = 0.017), Psychological Well Being dimension (t = −5.24; p = 0.035), and in social dimension (t = −8.09; p = 0.015), too. Sex-related differences in HRQOL assessments could help patients to achieve the most appropriate interventions to ameliorate QOL perceptions. Permanence criteria for ostomy could better address healthcare professionals for a specific clinical pathway to improve, especially in social support, which could positively contribute to better self-care for these patients.
This study investigated the efficacy and safety of a novel thermo-reversible antimicrobial wound gel (TRG, revyve Antimicrobial Wound Gel) designed to combat biofilm-related infections in wounds. The TRG was evaluated for its ability to disrupt biofilms, sustain antimicrobial activity and promote wound healing. The gel exhibited thermo-reversible properties, transitioning from a less viscous liquid ≤ 18°C to a highly viscous solid gel at wound temperature which would facilitate easy application and removal. Antimicrobial testing demonstrated that TRG effectively inactivated a broad range of wound-related pathogens, including Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, with a 99.99%–99.9999% reduction in bacterial counts within 30 min. The TRG also maintained its antimicrobial efficacy after multiple inoculations with high microbial load (107 CFU/mL) over 7 days. In vitro biofilm assays showed effectiveness against biofilm bacteria with a reduction of ≥ 99.99% bacterial counts with one application over the course of 7 days. Biocompatibility testing confirmed that TRG was safe, with no signs of tissue necrosis or signs of tissue damage and no impact on wound healing in a porcine wound model. TRG's ability to reduce both planktonic and biofilm-based bacteria without compromising wound healing makes it a promising candidate for treating both chronic and acute wounds.
This retrospective study aimed to evaluate the clinical efficacy of double flap tibial transverse transport (dTTT) in the treatment of Wagner grade 3–4 diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) and to assess its impact on peripheral nerve function in the affected limb. A total of 25 patients with DFUs who underwent dTTT at our institution were included. Baseline data were collected, and patients were systematically followed at 1, 3, 6 and 12 months postoperatively. Primary outcome measures included wound healing status, postoperative complications, microcirculatory indicators and nerve conduction parameters. All bone transport sites healed successfully, with no major complications observed except for one patient who died from COVID-19. At 12 months postoperatively, significant improvements were noted in foot skin temperature, transcutaneous oxygen partial pressure and the ankle-brachial index (all p < 0.001). Additionally, motor nerve conduction velocities of the posterior tibial and common peroneal nerves increased significantly (p < 0.001), and corresponding compound muscle action potential amplitudes rose to 4.91 ± 0.14 mV and 4.68 ± 0.29 mV, respectively (p < 0.001). These findings suggest that dTTT not only facilitates wound healing by improving local microcirculation but also enhances peripheral nerve function, offering a promising therapeutic approach for improving long-term outcomes and quality of life in patients with advanced DFUs.
Skin failure is increasingly recognised across healthcare settings, yet its definition, diagnostic criteria and relationship to pressure injuries remain inconsistent with little interdisciplinary consensus. This lack of clarity complicates bedside assessment, documentation and quality reporting. Historically, pressure injuries were viewed as preventable events associated with inadequate care, but growing evidence shows that some wounds develop despite optimal preventive measures, particularly in patients with multimorbidity or limited physiological reserve. This article will review the historical development of skin failure and how it is intertwined with contrasting theories of pressure injury formation that began in the 19th century. We will track the proliferation of definitions and overlapping terms that muddle contemporary documentation and classification, and demonstrate why a unified definition is urgently needed. Skin failure represents the intersection of tissue deformation with systemic vulnerability including hypoperfusion, inflammation, vascular dysfunction, oedema, medication effects, immune compromise, nutritional depletion and age-related changes. A meaningful and practical definition must span all healthcare environments and patient populations, supporting accurate diagnosis and equitable evaluation of care quality. We outline a call to action that includes interdisciplinary consensus, standardised terminology and the development of predictive tools that integrate physiologic data, advanced analytics, and patient-centered outcomes across the healthcare continuum.
Skin tears (ST) are common traumatic wounds, particularly among older adults, that can lead to complications if not accurately assessed and classified. The International Skin Tear Advisory Panel (ISTAP) classification system is widely used internationally; however, no validated Persian version currently exists. To culturally adapt, and evaluate the clinimetric properties of the Persian version of the ISTAP Classification System. This methodological study was conducted from February to May 2025 in multiple phases. After forward–backward translation and expert review, face and content validity were assessed. Criterion validity was assessed by comparing nurses' classifications with expert consensus using weighted Cohen's kappa coefficient. Construct validity was examined using the known-groups method, comparing skin tear frequency and severity between 30 elderly patients with impaired mobility and 30 younger adults without impaired mobility. Reliability was evaluated using Fleiss' kappa coefficient for multiple raters, and weighted Cohen's kappa coefficient for inter-rater and intra-rater agreement. Diagnostic accuracy indices, including sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), positive likelihood ratio (LR+), negative likelihood ratio (LR–), odds ratio (OR) and the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), were calculated for each skin tear type. Content validity was excellent (content validity ratio (CVR): 0.82–1.00; item-level content validity index (I-CVI): 0.91–1.00; scale-level content validity index (S-CVI/Ave): 0.94). Criterion validity showed almost perfect agreement with experts (weighted κ = 0.902, p < 0.001). Construct validity was supported by significant group differences in skin tear frequency (Fisher's exact p = 0.001) and severity (t(58) = 2.12, p = 0.039). Reliability was substantial to almost perfect across analyses (Fleiss' κ = 0.8447; inter-rater weighted κ = 0.66; intra-rater weighted κ = 0.86). Diagnostic accuracy was excellent for all types (AUC = 0.99), with sensitivity 97.5%–99.2%, specificity 98.4%–99.6%, PPV 97.5%–99.3%, NPV 98.1%–99.6% and very high OR and LR values. The Persian version of the ISTAP Classification System demonstrated excellent validity, reliability and diagnostic accuracy, supporting its use as a standardised tool for assessing ST in Persian-speaking healthcare settings.
The aim of this study was to develop a predictive model of nutritional risk in elderly CAPI patients through retrospective cross-sectional data, to identify core predictors applicable to community/nursing home settings, and to validate the predictive augmentation of the combined Braden Score and Nutritional Blood Indicator in hospitalised patients, to provide a basis for stratified nutritional risk management. A retrospective study was conducted to include 424 elderly CAPI patients. They were divided into two groups according to NRS2002 score. Demographic parameters, physiological function parameters and blood parameters were collected. All above indicators of the patients with CAPI were analysed to explore their correlation with nutritional risk. Among 424 participants, 294 patients (69.34%) were at nutritional risk. Independent risk factors identified were aged ≥ 70 years, reduced intake in the last week, and decrease in BMI, Braden score, ALB (albumin), and PA (prealbumin) levels. The AUCs of the first four parameters mentioned above and all the above parameters were 0.816 and 0.872, respectively. The value of aged ≥ 70 years, reduced intake in the past week, BMI, and Braden score in combination to predict and assess nutritional risk is high, which can be used to predict nutritional risk for elderly patients with CAPI who are at home or in nursing homes. The combination of the above parameters combined with albumin and prealbumin has an even higher predictive value in elderly patients hospitalised with CAPI.
Surgical site infections (SSI) in vascular surgery have a huge impact on patients’ morbidity and mortality and healthcare systems worldwide. Dialkylcarbamoylchoride (DACC) is a synthetically produced material that can irreversibly bind and inactivate bacteria that exhibit cell-surface hydrophobicity (CSH). The DACC in the Reduction of Surgical Site Infection (DRESSINg) trial is a multicentre randomised controlled trial which aims to assess the effectiveness of DACC-coated post-operative dressings in the prevention of SSI in vascular surgery. Seven hundred and eighteen participants undergoing clean or clean-contaminated lower limb vascular surgery will be randomised in a 1:1 ratio to either DACC-coated dressings or standard dressings for their postoperative wounds. The primary outcome is the incidence of SSI defined by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) criteria or total ASEPSIS score of 21 or more within 30 days of surgery. The secondary outcomes include satisfactory wound healing with a total ASEPSIS score of 10 or less, quality of life pre and post surgery, Bluebelle wound healing scores, resource use and financial (£), and environmental (KgCO2e) cost analyses. This multicentre randomised controlled trial will provide level 1 evidence on the effectiveness of preventing SSI in lower limb vascular surgery.
Effective thermal management at the skin-dressing interface is essential in pressure injury prevention by means of prophylactic dressings. This study quantified the thermal conductivity of AQUACEL Hydrofiber Technology (AHT, hydrofiber) and polyurethane foam dressing materials under normothermic (32°C) and febrile (40°C) conditions across increasing moisture levels. Using a validated custom heat-flow meter system, dry hydrofiber exhibited significantly greater thermal conductivity than the polyurethane foam (0.43 ± 0.01 vs. 0.20 ± 0.01 W/m K at 32°C; p < 0.001). Upon hydration at 32°C, thermal conductivity values increased nonlinearly for both materials but to a much greater extent for the hydrofiber. At 15% moisture, the hydrofiber reached 4.73 ± 0.12 W/m K compared to the polyurethane foam at 1.03 ± 0.02 W/m K. At 40°C, hydrofiber achieved 3.39 ± 0.19 W/m K with only 10% moisture, indicating a temperature-responsive biphasic transformation. Overall, hydrofiber demonstrated a fivefold greater thermal conductivity response to moisture than the polyurethane foam. These findings highlight critical, material-dependent differences in heat dissipation under clinically relevant conditions. The superior moisture-responsive thermal conductivity of hydrofiber highlights its potential to improve heat dissipation at the skin-dressing interface under clinically relevant conditions and thereby mitigate local heat accumulation, contributing to skin protection. Thermal conductivity and thermal adaptability studies should be integrated into dressing efficacy research and be used for selection criteria for pressure injury prevention programs alongside mechanical and absorptive performance.
Pressure injuries present significant challenges in clinical care, leading to severe complications such as infection, pain and delayed wound healing. They are a common chronic wound that contribute to increased morbidity, prolonged hospital stays and substantial healthcare costs. Despite national efforts to enhance chronic wound management, development of optimal treatment strategies remains a priority. The Pressure Injury Treatment Advisory (PITA) Quick Guide was developed to provide an evidence-based guide to support clinicians in pressure injury management. A survey was conducted to evaluate clinician perspectives on the usability and practicality of the Guide in acute care, residential aged care and community settings. A post-test survey was conducted on a convenience sample of healthcare professionals from three healthcare settings across metropolitan, regional and rural Australia. The survey included 5-point Likert-scale items assessing ease of use, effectiveness and integration with workflows. Three hundred and two responses were received (66.7% response rate). Clinicians expressed overwhelmingly positive perceptions, with over 95% agreeing or strongly agreeing on the guide's utility and effectiveness. No respondents strongly disagreed with any item. Residential aged care and rural clinicians rated the tool slightly higher than acute care and medical clinicians. The PITA Quick Guide was well-received across all settings, demonstrating strong potential to enhance evidence-based pressure injury management.
Compression therapy is the cornerstone, first-line effective evidence-based treatment for healing and managing venous leg ulcers. However, compression therapy is inconsistently applied in hospitals. This paper explores the experiences of a diverse group of clinicians and senior managers applying compression therapy in hospitals across the United Kingdom. A semi-structured qualitative interview study was conducted with 19 participants, drawn from a larger study, who confirmed that their respective hospitals apply compression therapy to inpatients with venous leg ulcers. The interviews were analysed using reflexive thematic analysis. Analysis generated four key themes: Patients ‘slip through the net’, Prioritisation in Hospital Care, A ‘blind Spot’ within Healthcare System and Motivation to Deliver Care. Patients ‘slip through the net’ refers to inpatients with venous leg ulcers face unequal access to compression therapy both within and between hospitals. Prioritisation in Hospital Care indicates how certain diseases are given greater emphasis within healthcare systems. A ‘blind Spot’ in Healthcare System described failing to implement compression therapy has created a critical underlying ‘blind spot’ within the NHS healthcare systems. Motivation to Deliver Care refers to a deep commitment to providing compression therapy, driven by clinicians' inherent dedication and ethical obligation towards improving patient quality of care. The study identified key challenges influencing the application of compression therapy in acute hospitals despite its routine use. These include the lottery of care, systemic inequities, unclear ownership, interprofessional disputes and organisational priorities. It also demonstrated the significant role of passion, motivation and moral responsibility encouraging clinicians to implement compression therapy despite these systemic barriers.
Necrotising fasciitis (NF) is a rapidly progressing, life-threatening infection with mortality rates that are exceedingly high. Despite the notably high risks of developing NF in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM), factors associated with mortality in this population are poorly understood. Therefore, to determine at-risk patients and to improve overall clinical outcomes via hastening management, the objective of this systematic review is to determine what factors are associated with mortality for diabetic patients with NF. This systematic review followed the PRISMA guidelines. Patient data pertaining to outcomes and surgical management were extracted, and mortality rates were evaluated. Studies were assessed for quality using the Alberta Heritage Foundation for Medical Research (AHFMR) and Risk of Bias tool. A total of 25 studies were reviewed, covering 7879 patients with NF and DM with a 23.5% mortality rate. The most prevalent comorbidities among those who died included chronic kidney disease (15.95%), hypertension (9.42%) and obesity (9.02%). While limbs were the most common location for the disease, NF in the trunk and groin regions showed the highest mortality rates at 62.07%. Among those who died, common complications were acute renal failure (13.41%), pulmonary issues (20.41%) and septicaemia (12.80%). Mortality rates by surgical management were fasciotomy (42.9%), surgical debridement (40.68%) and amputation (9.09%). Mortality was comparable between patients with NF and DM (23.54%) and those with NF alone (23.61%). Although DM may not independently increase mortality, it can worsen outcomes when combined with other comorbidities, indicating a need for clearer clinical guidance.
Preventing pressure injuries among nursing home residents is a significant challenge that necessitates understanding the barriers and facilitators from the perspective of staff. This qualitative study aimed to describe these factors within Sri Lankan nursing homes. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 15 nursing home staff members from nine nursing homes in and near the Colombo district, Sri Lanka. The study was informed by the capability, opportunity, motivation, and behaviour model that guided both data collection and analysis. Data were analysed using content analysis. Using deductive coding based on capability, opportunity, and motivation, followed by inductive analysis, four primary categories emerged: focusing on skincare is foundational for pressure injury prevention, pressure injury knowledge is critical for prevention, pressure injury prevention is a low organisational priority, and overcoming challenges to enact pressure injury prevention. Key facilitators included access to skincare products, maintaining clean and dry skin, recognising risk factors, proactively managing risks, and understanding the broader implications of pressure injuries on residents and their families. Conversely, barriers encompassed limited training, varying staff support, inadequate resources, and the complexities of managing multiple tasks. This research highlights that enhancing knowledge and allocating resources effectively can improve the implementation of pressure injury prevention strategies in Sri Lankan nursing homes.
Diabetes is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality, contributing to complications such as cardiovascular disease, kidney failure and lower-limb amputations. Diabetic foot complications, such as structural deformities, ulceration and infection, present significant risks, necessitating early detection and intervention. This study explores the development and validation of artificial intelligence (AI) image analysis for diabetic foot screening, focusing on structural deformity identification which includes callus, hallux valgus and hammer toes, because they represent the earliest detectable visual risk markers for ulceration, preceding wound formation. Leveraging datasets comprising over 1000 healthy foot images and 215 diabetic foot deformity images, the model employed YOLOv5 for object detection, a convolutional autoencoder for anomaly detection, and DenseNet201 for anomaly classification. Initial internal validation yielded 91.1% anomaly detection accuracy, while anomaly classification accuracy improved to 88.57% following refinement. External validation using 27 participants achieved an overall accuracy of 85.2% and anomaly classification accuracy of 66.7%. Final evaluation on 35 unlabelled images demonstrated promising performance, with 88.57% accuracy, 90.47% precision and an F1 score of 86.11%. Integrated into the ‘Foot at Risk’ (FAR) mobile application, this AI-driven solution offers a scalable tool for early diabetic foot deformity detection. With larger dataset input for training and development, it can be utilised as an early screening tool for diabetic foot and integrated into existing community diabetic care model, facilitating timely intervention and improving patient outcomes.
Open femoral vessel access is commonly performed in vascular surgery, but surgical site complications (SSCs) occur frequently. The aim of this study is to evaluate the incidence and identify potential risk factors by applying a new standardised definition and grading of various types of groin wound complications. This retrospective analysis includes 201 consecutive patients with 219 vertical groin incisions to expose the femoral vessels for different vascular interventions. A prophylactic drain was placed intraoperatively in almost all incisions (91%). Groin SSCs were defined and graded into four categories according to a modified Clavien-Dindo classification. Potential risk factors were evaluated using univariable analysis. For multivariable analysis, a multiple logistic regression was performed. Cutoff values were determined through ROC analysis. According to the proposed definition, regular postoperative course grade 0 (no SSC) occurred in 163 patients (74.4%), grade 1 (minor SSC) in 10 (4.6%), grade 2 (moderate SSC) in 14 (6.4%), and grade 3/4 (major or life-threatening SSC) in 32 (14.6%) incisions. The incidence of clinically relevant SSCs (grade 2–4) was 21%. Drainage volume was an independent parameter that predicted relevant SSCs with a threshold value of 70 mL/24 h on postoperative day 4 (sensitivity 100%; specificity 67%; AUC = 0.835; p = 0.0004). Groin wound complications following vascular procedures are common. Lymphatic leakage appears to be the most significant, potentially preventable condition associated with relevant SSCs. Prophylactic or early therapeutic interventions should focus on reducing lymphatic morbidity.
Near infrared (NIR) therapy is increasingly used to enhance postoperative wound healing, yet clinical trial results remain inconsistent. To evaluate the effectiveness of NIR therapy on postoperative wound healing and identify treatment parameters associated with optimal outcomes: This systematic review and meta-analysis registered at PROSPERO (CRD420251163415) assessed evidence on comparing NIR therapy (630–1100 nm) with standard care or placebo on healing of surgical-induced wounds. A multilevel random-effects meta-analysis of standardised mean differences (SMDs) was conducted. Moderator analyses examined the wavelength, fluence, session number, application technique and anatomical site. Risk of bias was assessed using Cochrane RoB 2.0 and certainty of evidence was rated with GRADE. Fifty-six trials (N = 4920) were included for systematic review and 35 trials contributed 69 outcomes to meta-analysis. NIR significantly improved wound healing (0.78, [0.46–1.09], p < 0.01) and reduced postoperative pain (0.71, [0.24–1.17], p < 0.01), but heterogeneity was high and effects varied across studies. Optimal outcomes were associated with short NIR wavelengths (700–850 nm), 4–10 sessions and non-contact application. Effects on swelling, scarring and inflammatory markers were inconsistent. Overall, certainty of evidence was very low. This first systematic review and meta-analysis indicates that NIR therapy demonstrates promise for enhancing postoperative healing and reducing pain, though effects vary by protocols.
Although topical oxygen therapy (TOT) is a promising treatment for chronic wounds, its clinical efficacy and safety remain to be rigorously established. We conducted a two-arm randomised controlled trial to evaluate the efficacy and safety of TOT for treating chronic wounds by a commercially available portable continuous diffusion of oxygen (CDO) system. Eighty-eight patients were allocated to the TOT (n = 44) or moist wound therapy (MWT) (n = 44) group for a 28-day intervention period, followed by standardised MWT for unhealed wounds until the 12-week endpoint. Eighty-eight patients were allocated to either the TOT group (n = 44) or the standard MWT group (n = 44) for 28 days (or until wound closure) and were followed for up to 12 weeks. Wound area, depth, pH, healing rate and healing time were assessed weekly for 28 days or until 12 weeks. Any adverse event was observed at the same time. At day 28, the TOT group demonstrated significantly greater reductions in wound area and depth compared with the MWT group (p < 0.05). The wound bed pH in the TOT group was lower than the MWT group at day 14 and 28. Although the healing rate was higher in the TOT group than in the MWT group at day 28 (45.5% vs. 11.4%, p < 0.001), the healing rate in both groups was similar at week 12 (95.5% vs. 90.9%, p = 0.536). The healing time of the TOT group was shorter than that of the MWT group at week 12 by 13.5 days (95% CI: 6.74–15.40; p = 0.004). No TOT-related adverse events were reported. These findings indicate that portable TOT can significantly accelerate wound healing, particularly by improving wound bed pH that could facilitate subsequent healing processes in patients with chronic wounds.
Burn injuries are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality globally; however, limited data are available from low- and middle-income countries such as Jordan. This study aimed to describe burn patient presentation, initial management and factors associated with in-hospital mortality. A retrospective descriptive study was conducted using records of 493 patients admitted to a national referral centre in Jordan between 2018 and 2022. The sample was predominantly male (61.5%) with a mean age of 19.6 years (SD = 21); children under 18 years comprised 58.4%. The mean total body surface area (TBSA) burned was 18%. Flame (50.1%) and scald (44.6%) injuries were most common. Inhalation injury occurred in 25.8% and 21.3% required mechanical ventilation. The hospital mortality rate was 15.6%, significantly associated with TBSA, age, inhalation injury and low serum total protein. Baux and revised Baux scores showed high predictive accuracy (AUC = 0.902 and 0.918). Logistic regression identified TBSA, age, inhalation injury and total protein level as independent predictors of mortality. Burn injuries in Jordan disproportionately affect children and are associated with substantial mortality. Early identification of high-risk patients using validated scores and prompt nutritional and respiratory interventions are essential. Multicentre studies and a national burn registry are recommended to guide future policy and care improvements.
FreshRSS 