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The aim was to validate the stoma self-efficacy scale and assess the psychometric properties of the Czech version of the scale in patients with intestinal stoma. Another aim was to assess self-efficacy in patients with intestinal stoma.
Descriptive, cross-sectional and validation study.
Two hundred and ninety patients with intestinal stoma participated in the study during 2023. The original SSES instrument was linguistically validated into Czech. Content validity of the scale, test–retest, intraclass coefficient, Cronbach's alpha, McDonald's ω, construct and convergent validity were assessed for psychometric properties. The study followed STROBE guidelines.
The stoma self-efficacy scale was adopted into Czech, demonstrating excellent content validity. An intraclass correlation coefficient was calculated to establish test–retest reliability, showing excellent reliability of the Czech version. Cronbach's alpha and McDonald's ω showed high reliability. Factor analysis was applied for construct validity. Exploratory factor analysis was used to extract three factors on the Czech version of the scale: Stoma care self-efficacy, social self-efficacy and burden self-efficacy. The factors accounted for 62.05% of the total variance and showed strong internal consistency. Confirmatory factor analysis was applied separately to the data of respondents with colostomy and respondents with ileostomy. The fit indices were satisfactory for respondents with colostomy after adjustment. The composite reliability coefficient showed acceptable values in each factor.
The Czech version of the stoma self-efficacy scale has excellent psychometric properties in patients with intestinal stoma. It is a reliable tool for use in patients with intestinal stoma to assess self-efficacy. The scale can also be used by nurses who care for these patients and based on this, meet the individual needs related to patients' self-efficacy.
To explore peer volunteers' experiences of delivering online support through SMART to at-risk mothers during the perinatal period, to inform future improvements to mobile-health-application (mHealth app) based peer-support interventions.
Descriptive qualitative research.
The study was conducted between February 2024 and June 2025 in a tertiary public healthcare institution in Singapore. Twenty peer volunteers were recruited via convenience and snowball sampling and participated in individual semi-structured interviews. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim and analysed using thematic analysis.
Four themes were identified: (a) Giving and receiving: the inner world of peer volunteers; (b) Navigating relational complexity in digital peer support; (c) Facilitating connection and continuity in digital peer support; and (d) Building better connections through supportive ecosystems.
Peers reported experiencing reciprocal benefits, such as a sense of fulfilment and achievement, while supporting mothers. Shared experiences and psychosocial vulnerabilities enhanced relatability, reassurance and rapport, which sustained supportive relationships. Challenges encountered by peers highlighted the need for strengthening both intervention design and peer training.
Regular check-ins by programme facilitators, alongside clear information, flexible guidelines and reassurance, can improve peer volunteers' motivation and resilience, thereby ensuring consistent and sustainable support for at-risk mothers.
Examined peer volunteers' experiences in providing online perinatal support to mothers with diverse psychosocial vulnerabilities. Peers offered emotional, informational and practical support, while mothers benefited from learning how peers had coped with their psychosocial vulnerabilities. Shared experiences fostered confidence and reassurance among mothers that they, too could overcome similar adversities. Valuable in providing both medically accurate perinatal information and meaningful social support to perinatal mothers.
The reporting of the study adheres to the standards outlined in the Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Research (COREQ) checklist.
Mothers and peer volunteers contributed valuable insights and suggestions that helped in the design of the intervention.
The purpose of this concept analysis is to clarify the meaning of digital health equity beyond a simplistic definition, obtaining a richer meaning that can guide the digital healthcare landscape.
With the growing spread of digital health, digital health equity should be at the center of healthcare. Health outcomes for equity-deserving groups may be compromised without a clear understanding of digital health equity. Although the concept of ‘health equity’ has been analysed before; no concept analysis has been completed for the concept of ‘digital health equity’.
Concept analysis using Walker and Avant's method.
Articles from PubMed, Scopus and Google Scholar with no limitation on the period of data collection.
Walker and Avant's concept analysis method was used to outline attributes, antecedents, consequences, and empirical referents of the concept digital health equity.
The main attribute of digital health equity is digital health technology that benefits everyone fairly. The antecedents include: (1) appropriate infrastructure; (2) cognitive abilities including digital literacy; (3) intersectionality of multiple vulnerabilities; (4) presence of the core ethical principles in healthcare; (5) digital accessibility with careful consideration of the social determinants of health; and (6) co-creation of digital health technologies. The main consequences are improved patient health outcomes and elimination of the digital divide.
This analysis explored the concept of digital health equity as a means to promote positive health outcomes for equity-deserving groups, highlighting the critical role of nursing practice and research in addressing digital health disparities.
This paper can have an impact on nursing practice, education and wider social and economic issues. First, various barriers encountered by patients when utilising digital health technologies can be understood. Second, clinicians can be encouraged to assess digital health equity, improve interventions for equity-deserving groups, and evaluate the effectiveness of digital health interventions to ensure they are equitable. In the context of educational implications, the understanding of digital health equity can be used to facilitate the creation of appropriate education materials for clinicians. Finally, on a wider social and economic scale, understanding digital health equity can aid in the creation of policies to enable equitable digital health technologies.
No patient or public contribution because this paper is a concept analysis.
To develop theories about how Nursing Associate (NA) roles are implemented and working within NHS practice: What works, for whom, in what contexts and how?
Rapid realist synthesis of: (1) empirical and grey literature; (2) realist interviews with stakeholders. Sources were analysed using a realist approach that explored the data for novel or causal insights to generate initial programme theories.
Empirical and grey sources (n = 15) and transcripts from stakeholder interviews (n = 11) were synthesised which identified three theory areas relating to NA implementation: (1) Scope of NA role: Communication and expectations; (2) Variations to the NA model of working; and (3) Career progression: Entry point, stepping stone and career in itself.
The NA holds the potential to improve nursing workforce stability by encouraging locally based, non-registered healthcare staff to transition to an NA. However, the lack of collective understanding of the NA scope of practice can cause staff friction. It is unknown whether this friction will reduce over time or if staff divisions will lead to further deterioration of the workforce.
Ongoing clear communication regarding NA scope of practice needs to be provided to aid understanding of their supplementary role and its potential contribution to nursing teams.
This work represents a first step to support both researchers and nursing workforce leaders in furthering knowledge of the impact of integrating NAs in diverse healthcare contexts and to unearth the mechanisms underpinning the success or failure of this new role.
Realist and meta-narrative evidence syntheses: Evolving standards.
Planning of the research design and interpretation of the results was completed with nurse clinicians with experience in the NA role.
This study aimed to develop and validate a standardised transitional care programme for postoperative gynaecologic cancer patients utilising the Omaha system framework.
A preliminary transitional care programme was constructed through literature review, semi-structured interviews and multidisciplinary team discussions. The programme was refined via two rounds of Delphi expert consultations involving 17 oncology nursing specialists. Consensus criteria included expert authority coefficient (Cr), Kendall's W test and coefficient of variation (CV).
The Delphi consultation demonstrated robust expert consensus, with high authority coefficients (Cr: 0.886 in Round 1; 0.906 in Round 2), exceptional participation rates (88.2% and 100% response rates across two rounds) and statistically significant concordance as evidenced by Kendall's W values (0.233–0.358 and 0.326–0.383; all p < 0.01). All coefficients of variation (CV) metrics fell within acceptable ranges (0.09–0.42 in the initial phase; 0.08–0.27 post-refinement).
The Omaha system-based transitional care programme exhibits strong expert consensus, scientific rigour and clinical applicability, providing a structured approach to improving postoperative recovery in gynaecologic cancer patients.
This protocol standardises postoperative care transitions for gynaecologic oncology patients by integrating multidimensional assessments (physiological, psychosocial and health behaviour domains) and family-centred education. Clinicians can utilise its evidence-based framework to reduce preventable complications, enhance caregiver preparedness and improve continuity of care between hospital and home settings.
Six postoperative gynaecologic cancer patients and eight family caregivers participated in semi-structured interviews to identify unmet transitional care needs. Their insights informed the design of intervention components, including self-management education and psychosocial support strategies. Patients reviewed draft materials for clarity and cultural appropriateness during Delphi Round 2.
To explore the optimal timing of patient-reported outcome assessment, defined as the collection and use of patient-reported outcomes at clinically meaningful points such as before or during encounters, treatment initiation and follow-up, and to identify the facilitators and barriers to timely use.
A qualitative analysis of semi-structured interviews with healthcare professionals across diverse US health systems.
Thematic analysis was used to identify key themes related to the timing and implementation of patient-reported outcomes assessments. Interviews were analysed iteratively to develop a coding framework and synthesise overarching themes.
Fourteen healthcare professionals, including nurse practitioners, cardiologists and health informatics experts across seven U.S. health systems from academic and community hospitals, were interviewed in February 2024. Three major themes emerged: (1) value proposition of timely patient-reported outcome data collection (2) key facilitators for timely implementation and (3) multilevel barriers. The value proposition focused on the use of patient-reported outcomes for prevention and active disease management. Critical facilitators for the timely implementation of patient-reported outcomes included the involvement of research and clinical coordinators, strategies for pre-visit and on-site patient-reported outcome collection, the use of standardised templates within EHRs and the alignment of patient-reported outcome collection with patients' long-term treatment goals. Finally, multilevel barriers included time constraints, patient-level challenges (e.g., fatigue, literacy, language) and systemic issues (e.g., technical limitations, lack of reimbursement and unclear guidelines).
Timely collection and use of patient-reported outcomes is critical for improving symptom monitoring and supporting patient-centered clinical decision-making. However, multilevel barriers hinder consistent implementation across health care settings.
Integrating patient-reported outcomes into clinical workflows can improve the patient-centeredness of patient-healthcare professional interactions, and provide a more holistic picture of a patient's health status. Addressing barriers to patient-reported outcome implementation, including lack of time, poor health literacy and workflow integration barriers, is crucial for improving clinical outcomes.
This study adhered to the COREQ (Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Research) checklist, in accordance with EQUATOR Network guidelines.
No patient or public involvement: This study did not include patient or public involvement in its design, conduct or reporting.
The aim of this integrative review is to critically appraise and synthesise empirical evidence on the clinical applications, outcomes, and implications of generative artificial intelligence in nursing practice.
Integrative review following Whittemore and Knafl's five-stage framework.
Systematic searches were performed for peer-reviewed articles and book chapters published between 1 January 2018 and 30 June 2025. Two reviewers independently screened titles/abstracts and full texts against predefined inclusion/exclusion criteria focused on generative artificial intelligence tools embedded in nursing clinical workflow (excluding nursing education-only applications). Data were extracted into a standardised matrix and appraised for quality using design-appropriate checklists. Guided by Whittemore and Knafl's integrative review framework, a constant comparative analysis was applied to derive the main themes and subthemes.
CINAHL, MEDLINE, and Embase.
Included literature was a representative mix of single-group quality improvement pilots, mixed-method usability and feasibility studies, randomised controlled trials, qualitative descriptive and phenomenological studies, as well as preliminary and proof-of-concept observational research. Four overarching themes emerged: (1) Workflow Integration and Efficiency, (2) AI-Augmented Clinical Reasoning, (3) Patient-Facing Communication and Education, and (4) Role Boundaries, Ethics and Trust.
Generative artificial intelligence holds promise for enhancing nursing efficiency, supporting clinical decision making, and extending patient communication. However, consistent human validation, ethical boundary setting, and more rigorous, longitudinal outcome and equity evaluations are essential before widespread clinical adoption.
Although generative artificial intelligence could reduce nurses' documentation workload and routine decision-making burden, these gains cannot be assumed. Safe and effective integration will require rigorous nurse training, robust governance, transparent labelling of AI-generated content, and ongoing evaluation of both clinical outcomes and equity impacts. Without these safeguards, generative artificial intelligence risks introducing new errors and undermining patient safety and trust.
PRISMA 2020.
To examine residential aged care staff's experience of death and grief, and their support needs.
A mixed-methods sequential explanatory design, using an online cross-sectional survey that included the Texas Revised Inventory of Grief and the Grief Support in Health Care Scale. Followed by semi-structured interviews with direct care workers and managers working in residential aged care homes were conducted.
Over 60% of participants experienced five or more resident deaths in the previous 12 months. Although, different levels of grief were experienced among different roles, the importance of open communication and opportunities for farewells after resident death was highlighted. Participants suggested support and education to normalise grief and promote self-care.
Recognising staff grief following the resident death is important. Providing support and education may help improve staff wellbeing and contribute to the delivery of high-quality care for both residents and their families.
Staff grief after a resident death needs to be recognised, and continuing education and support are required for their wellbeing.
The STROBE and SRQR checklists were applied.
No Patient or Public contribution.
The use of technology to support nurses' decision-making is increasing in response to growing healthcare demands. AI, a global trend, holds great potential to enhance nurses' daily work if implemented systematically, paving the way for a promising future in healthcare.
To identify and describe AI technologies for nurses' clinical decision-making in healthcare settings.
A systematic literature review.
CINAHL, PubMed, Scopus, ProQuest, and Medic were searched for studies with experimental design published between 2005 and 2024.
JBI guidelines guided the review. At least two researchers independently assessed the eligibility of the studies based on title, abstract, and full text, as well as the methodological quality of the studies. Narrative analysis of the study findings was performed.
Eight studies showed AI tools improved decision-making, patient care, and staff performance. A discharge support system reduced 30-day readmissions from 22.2% to 9.4% (p = 0.015); a deterioration algorithm cut time to contact senior staff (p = 0.040) and order tests (p = 0.049). Neonatal resuscitation accuracy rose to 94%–95% versus 55%–80% (p < 0.001); seizure assessment confidence improved (p = 0.01); pressure ulcer prevention (p = 0.002) and visual differentiation (p < 0.001) improved. Documentation quality increased (p < 0.001).
AI integration in nursing has the potential to optimise decision-making, improve patient care quality, and enhance workflow efficiency. Ethical considerations must address transparency, bias mitigation, data privacy, and accountability in AI-driven decisions, ensuring patient safety and trust while supporting equitable, evidence-based care delivery.
The findings underline the transformative role of AI in addressing pressing nursing challenges such as staffing shortages, workload management, and error reduction. By supporting clinical decision-making and workflow efficiency, AI can enhance patient safety, care quality, and nurses' capacity to focus on direct patient care. A stronger emphasis on research and implementation will help bridge usability and scalability gaps, ensuring sustainable integration of AI across diverse healthcare settings.
Psychosocial interventions are recognized as effective nonpharmacological treatments that can enhance the mental well-being of women dealing with perinatal loss. However, as these interventions vary widely, there is currently no review that systematically evaluates and ranks their effects on the mental health of women affected by perinatal loss.
The aim of this study is to integrate the existing evidence, assess and compare the effects of psychosocial interventions on negative emotions among women experiencing perinatal loss, rank the effect sizes of various interventions, and identify the most effective intervention on the basis of different outcome measures.
Seven English-language databases were systematically searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) focusing on women experiencing perinatal loss, with publications up to August 20, 2024. Traditional pairwise meta-analyses were performed using Review Manager 5.4.1, while Stata 18.0 was employed for network meta-analysis and evidence synthesis. The surface under the cumulative ranking curve (SUCRA) was used to assess the efficacy of the interventions. The protocol was registered with PROSPERO under number CRD42024530312.
A total of 30 RCTs encompassing 6181 participants were included in the analysis. On the basis of the SUCRA rankings, problem-solving therapy was identified as an effective treatment for alleviating depression and anxiety among women experiencing perinatal loss (depression: SUCRA = 82.55%, SMD = −1.34, 95% CI [−2.41, −0.27]; anxiety: SUCRA = 97.7%, SMD = −2.83, 95% CI [−4.26, −1.40]). Additionally, bereavement intervention emerged as the most effective approach for improving grief symptoms (SUCRA = 81.60%, SMD = −1.11, 95% CI [−2.14, −0.09]).
Compared with traditional treatment, psychosocial intervention can improve the psychological state of women with perinatal loss, and the differences in the effects of face-to-face and technology-assisted interventions should be further explored. Moreover, problem-solving therapy has proven to be effective and appears to be the most effective method for alleviating depressive and anxiety symptoms among women experiencing perinatal loss, while bereavement support is the most effective method for grief due to perinatal loss. Nursing and health policymakers can develop various intervention strategies according to the varied psychological states of women experiencing perinatal loss.
Use a socio-technical strategy to identify the use and implications of generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) tools on nursing education and practice.
Descriptive qualitative study.
Online interviews with 32 nursing students, faculty and practitioners between February and April 2024. Data were analysed using the Framework Method.
Theme 1 described participants' use of eight GenAI tools across seven use cases. Theme 2 describes the implications of using GenAI tools on nursing education. The subthemes include (2.1) facing a new pedagogical reality, (2.2) negative sentiments on using GenAI tools in nursing education and (2.3) opportunities to improve nursing education with GenAI tools. Theme 3 describes the implications of using GenAI tools on nursing practice. Subthemes include (3.1) embedding in patient care, (3.2) nursing workflow integration and (3.3) organisational support. Theme 4 describes GenAI capacity-building. Subthemes include (4.1) to develop an AI-ready workforce, (4.2) to promote responsible and ethical use and (4.3) to advance the nursing profession.
Although GenAI tools initially disrupted nursing education, it is only a matter of time before they disrupt nursing practice. Nurses across education and practice settings should be trained in the responsible and ethical use of GenAI tools to mitigate risks and maximise benefits.
GenAI tools will profoundly impact how nurses of today and tomorrow learn and practice the profession. It is crucial for nurses to actively participate in shaping this technology to minimise risks and maximise benefits to the nursing profession and patient care.
This study revealed the socio-technical intricacies of using GenAI tools in nursing education and practice. We also present wicked problems that nurses will face when using GenAI tools.
COREQ.
This study did not include patient or public involvement in its design, conduct or reporting.
To explore the competency of nursing graduates from the four dimensions of clinical practice, research ability, teaching ability and management ability, analyse its influencing factors and provide data support for improving the post ability of nurses with a master's degree.
In September 2024, a convenience sampling method was used to administer a self-designed questionnaire regarding post-graduation post-competency to 330 nursing master's degree graduates from 68 tertiary hospitals and five medical universities across China.
The average scores of clinical competence, research competence, teaching competence and management competence of nursing graduates were more than 7 (out of 10 points). Based on the Benner model, all the abilities of the participants were at the level of competent. Multivariate linear regression analysis indicated that marital status (p < 0.001), years since graduation (p < 0.001), major (p < 0.001) and et al., significantly influenced clinical competency. Furthermore, marital status, major, hospital rank and graduate type were key research competency factors. For teaching competency, major, training nature and professional title played a crucial role, whereas major, professional title, marital status and hospital rank were essential for management competency. Multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that job position (χ 2 = 11.375, p = 0.01) significantly influenced SCI publication, whereas the training nature and type of graduate school were independent factors affecting publication in Chinese core journals. Moreover, years since graduation and professional title were independent factors that influenced the publication of scientific core journals.
The post-competency scores of nursing master's degree graduates in the four dimensions of clinical, research, teaching and management were moderate, indicating substantial potential for enhancement. Managers should develop personalised training programs based on different factors that influence the overall competency of nursing master's degree graduates, thereby improving nursing quality and ensuring patient safety.
Post-intensive care syndrome (PICS) is defined as mental, physical, cognitive, and social sequelae in survivors of critical illness. Survivors of liver transplantation exhibit a complex clinical condition following discharge from the intensive care unit (ICU). There is a lack of knowledge about the lived experience of PICS in survivors after liver transplantation.
Describe the lived experiences of PICS in ICU survivors following liver transplantation.
A phenomenological study was carried out using interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA). Semi-structured interviews were conducted with ICU survivors one month after discharge.
Twenty ICU survivors were enrolled and interviewed after critical illness. The main themes that emerged from the data analysis were: (1) Profound life reorientation, (2) Physical impairment, (3) Psychological distress experiences, (4) Human-Centred Nursing Care, and (5) Return to daily life. Our results showed a particular impact of the dimensions of PICS, such as mental, physical, and social dimensions, on ICU survivors after liver transplantation.
The study concludes that ICU survivors experience profound life reorientation, physical impairment, and psychological distress experiences, yet benefit from human-centred nursing care, which facilitates their eventual return to daily life.
The findings highlight the importance of human-centred nursing care in the post-ICU recovery process, where the multidisciplinary team plays a critical role in addressing both psychological distress and physical rehabilitation, supporting survivors' reintegration into daily life.
Post-liver transplant ICU survivors experience profound physical, psychological, and social impacts. Life reorientation, altered body image, and emotional distress emerge. Human-centred nursing facilitates rehabilitation, reintegration, and overall recovery.
Reporting was structured based on the COREQ checklist.
Prot. N. 00014635–31/05/2023
To identify the competencies required for hospital-based WOC nurses to provide direct pressure injury (PI) care in home care settings in Japan.
Mixed methods convergent design.
The qualitative strand used a descriptive design to explore competencies for overcoming barriers faced by hospital-based WOC nurses when providing PI care at home. The quantitative strand used a cross-sectional design to assess competencies in organising the hospital PI management system.
Six competencies were identified: (1) Establish relationships with home healthcare professionals; (2) Promote hospital-based WOC nurse's expertise to home healthcare professionals; (3) Collaborate with the regional medical liaison office in WOC nurse's hospital; (4) Involve hospital administrators in home PI management; (5) Utilise social media/Information and Communication Technology for patient or home-visiting nurse communication; and (6) Utilise public or academic support projects to facilitate home-based activities. The median scoring rate for each medical staff domain on the revised Collaboration Competency Scale for WOC Nurses ranged from 80% to 91%.
The results of this study can serve as a practical resource to help WOC nurses expand their activities into home-care settings.
Their ability to coordinate with staff and manage PI care within hospitals supports active engagement in home care, improving continuity and quality.
This study addressed the issue that many hospital-based WOC nurses cannot visit patients at home. The competencies identified may enable these nurses to expand their role into home care.
This study followed EQUATOR guidelines, with the STROBE Statement applied to the quantitative part and the COREQ checklist to the qualitative part.
Patients or the public were not involved in the study's design, conduct, or reporting.
To explore the caregiving experiences and support needs of fathers of children with medical complexity in Canada.
A qualitative study guided by interpretive description methodology and informed by a Gender-Based Analysis Plus (GBA+) lens.
Data were collected through 60-min semi-structured interviews with seven fathers of children with medical complexity and analyzed using thematic analysis. The study followed the COREQ guidelines and checklist.
Thematic analysis identified fathers' key roles as financial providers, hands-on caregivers, and as playing a key role in supporting their partners emotionally with the challenges of caregiving. Fathers prioritised the need for peer support, flexible workplace policies and improved access to mental health services.
The findings indicate that there is a critical need for more inclusive and flexible support systems and workplace policies that acknowledge and accommodate the important caregiving roles of fathers of children with medical complexity.
The implications for healthcare professionals include actively involving fathers in care planning and providing targeted support services that recognise their roles to enhance child and family outcomes.
We worked closely with our community advisory team, comprised of a physician, social worker and community organisation leader, who contributed to the study design, supported participant recruitment, and assisted in disseminating the findings back to the community, helping to ensure the research was grounded in and responsive to the needs of families of children with medical complexity.
Limited literature has focused on people with cancers' preference for care providers in scenarios where trade-offs may have to be made.
To report the results of a comprehensive search and synthesis of discrete choice experiments or best-worst scaling studies (± willingness to pay estimates) in scenarios involving cancer nurses, with a focus on: (1) preferred care provider; and (2) relative importance of attributes of care provision for people with cancer.
A search was conducted across: CINAHL, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, EconLit, Medline, PsycINFO, Scopus, Web of Science Core Collection, and Google Scholar for discrete choice experiments published between January and July 2025. Data were extracted and appraised by two authors. Results were narratively synthesised.
Of 461 studies screened, 11 were included, published in Australia (n = 3), UK (n = 3), and China (n = 5) including people with breast (n = 4), gastric (n = 4), prostate (n = 1), or mixed cancers (n = 2). In six studies exploring scenarios of follow-up care (i.e., survivorship/surveillance), cancer medical specialists were the preferred care provider, followed by cancer nurses, and then general practitioners. In four of the five studies of supportive care scenarios (i.e., diet and exercise advice, anxiety and depression screening), cancer nurses were the preferred care provider, followed by allied health professionals, then cancer medical specialists. The highest WTP estimate was $US226.15 for a medical specialist to provide follow-up care. For supportive care, the highest WTP was $US137.52 for a cancer nurse to provide diet-based lifestyle advice post-treatment for breast cancer.
Cancer nurses are highly valued by people with cancer, particularly for supportive care provision. Opportunities exist for an increase in cancer nurse specialists with expanded scope of practice, to support the preference of people with cancer to have cancer medical specialists, or cancer nurse specialists provide expert cancer follow-up care.
Employees of a cancer patient advocacy group were involved in the design of the study, interpretation of the data, and the preparation of the manuscript. No patients were involved in this work. However, this systematic review prioritized patient voices by including studies that reported on the preferences of people with cancer.
FreshRSS 