Little is known about how young people use social media during periods of self-harm. This study aimed to explore how they express themselves online through images posted on social media before and after self-harm and how this expression may change across these periods, employing visual content and thematic analyses.

A prospective cohort study, with qualitative analysis conducted using a recurrent cross-sectional approach and codebook methodology, accounting for chronological changes across time points before, during and after episodes of self-harm.

Participants were recruited from a mental health NHS Trust in the UK.

Image data during episodes of self-harm was available for 20 participants. The majority of whom were aged 18 years or older (n=15), female (n=14) and met criteria for moderate or severe anxiety and depression (n=18). The sample reflected diverse ethnic backgrounds, with six participants identifying as Asian or Mixed/Multiple ethnic backgrounds.

None of the images investigated had direct visual presentations of self-harm. A few images referenced self-harm through the medium of text, and this was largely to normalise and promote help-seeking. Several themes were identified, including participation in activities that support well-being, love and relationships, connecting through humour, expressions of distress, and promoting mental health awareness and support. Subtle temporal changes were also observed.

Findings suggest that young people may temporarily withdraw from social media on the day of a self-harm event and rarely post graphic self-harm images around that time. This may reflect concerns about being stigmatised, but also improved platform moderation. Instead, platforms may serve as spaces for expressing self-care behaviours and connecting with others about both positive and challenging emotions, and across a range of topics including mental health.

ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT04601220.

Stillbirth remains a major global health challenge, with India bearing a substantial share of the burden. Despite the availability of evidence-based interventions, stillbirth rates (SBRs) remain high due to gaps in healthcare access, quality and the effective delivery of maternal and neonatal care. This study aims to develop and implement an optimised, context-specific model to reduce SBRs in Sangrur district, Punjab.

This mixed-methods implementation research will adopt a sequential explanatory design. The study will be conducted over 3 years in four blocks of Sangrur. Data will be collected through baseline and endline surveys, verbal autopsies of stillbirths, direct observations of antenatal and intrapartum care, and qualitative interviews with community members and healthcare providers. The intervention package will focus on preconception and antepartum care, intrapartum care and strengthening health systems. The study will use the plan-do-check-act model for continuous improvement, and real-time data collection through electronic systems will support timely decision-making.

The study expects to achieve a 25% reduction in SBRs through the optimised delivery of high-quality antenatal and intrapartum care services. Additionally, the research will provide critical evidence on the barriers and facilitators to optimise service delivery, as well as insights into the health system and community factors influencing stillbirth outcomes. This study aims to create a scalable and adaptable intervention model to reduce SBRs in low-resource settings like Sangrur and Punjab. The findings will inform future maternal and neonatal health policies and provide a framework for the broader implementation of similar interventions in other regions of India.

The study protocol has been approved by the International Institute of Health Management Research, Delhi (IIHMR) Institutional Ethics Committee (IRB/2024-2025/01). The study is funded through a competitive call for proposals on stillbirths by the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) under the National Health Research Priority Projects (5/7BMIPR/2022-RBMCH). The research has been awarded by ICMR (project ID NHRP05586) to IIHMR under grant number 5/7/BMIPR/2022-RCN.

As of 2024, 123.2 million people had been forcibly displaced as a result of persecution, armed conflict or climate-related catastrophes, and these numbers are predicted to rise. There is a growing awareness of possible intergenerational effects of trauma on life-course health and well-being, however few studies have followed individuals longitudinally starting prenatally. This paper describes the first large prenatal birth cohort study in a refugee context in a lower middle-income country. This study aims to investigate the potential lifespan health and developmental implications of being born into a protracted humanitarian context, and what factors can buffer from the adversity posed by conflict and displacement.

We outline our approach of recruiting, consenting and gathering data from pregnant Rohingya refugee and host community women (N=2888; 80% Rohingya) over the course of 12 months in Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh.

A fifth wave of data collection, when children were 6 months old, was completed in April 2025. Rohingya women were substantially less literate; were marrying and having children at slightly younger ages, were more likely to live in crowded, resource-limited households and exhibited higher rates of clinically significant post-traumatic stress disorder and anxiety than host community women.

There is a critical need for research in displaced populations in order to elucidate potentially lasting transgenerational impacts of experiencing conflict and displacement trauma, and the prenatal and postnatal factors that support health and development across the life span. The next follow-up is planned when the children turn 36 months of age (starting March 2026).