To assess the accuracy of seven commonly used Global Positioning System (GPS)-based geolocation techniques, including a handheld GPS device and smartphones using Google Maps, Open Data Kit (ODK) and Research Electronic Data Capture (REDCap) with and without internet connectivity, for measuring distances between houses in a field epidemiology setting.

Cross-sectional study conducted in February–March 2024.

Field study in a village in the Comoros where leprosy is endemic.

55 randomly selected house pairs, of which 50 were included in the analysis.

Measurement error, defined as the difference in straight-line distance between house pairs measured by each index test (GPS-based geolocation technique) and the reference standard (surveyor map).

Three index tests showed substantial shortcomings, including indeterminate results (one technique), outliers (two techniques), systematic underestimation (mean measurement error –3.0 m for one technique) and high variability (SD of measurement error ranging from 9.4 m to 16.6 m). The remaining four index tests showed little bias (mean measurement error ranging from –1.7 m to 0.4 m across techniques) and low variability (SD of measurement error ranging from 5.7 m to 7.4 m). For the most precise technique, 95% of measurements were estimated to fall between an underestimation of 11.9 m (95% CI 8.9 to 17.5 m) and an overestimation of 10.5 m (95% CI 8.4 to 13.7 m). Even this narrowest range was two to three times wider than the claimed accuracy.

GPS-based geolocation techniques may show substantial variability under field conditions and may give rise to misplaced confidence in their accuracy when this is assumed rather than empirically assessed. Careful selection and testing of techniques in context, along with transparent data handling and consideration of uncertainty, are needed to improve the reliability of geospatial data in public health research and practice.

Patients frequently face excessive waiting times for specialist medical outpatient clinics, negatively impacting health outcomes. Previous research has demonstrated that translation of demand-driven strategies incorporated within the evidence-based Specific Timely Assessment and Triage (STAT) model effectively reduces wait times in a range of healthcare settings. We outline the study protocol for a hybrid type II implementation effectiveness study, using a stepped wedge cluster randomised controlled trial design, to evaluate whether the STAT model can be implemented in specialist medical clinics and reduce waiting times.

The Waiting List Evidence to Support Specialist clinics (WaitLESS) trial will implement STAT in eight clinical specialties (clusters) offering outpatient medical care at a metropolitan health network in Melbourne, Australia. After a 6 month pre-implementation period, clusters will be randomised to implement the STAT model, two clusters at a time at 3-month intervals, with a minimum 6-month follow-up period, following the STAT model’s five-step implementation process: (i) analyse historical clinic demand data, (ii) model supply/demand, (iii) implement target interventions to address existing backlogs, (iv) protect capacity for new patients to align with demand and (v) implement tailored strategies to enhance patient flow. Strategies will be implemented collaboratively by researchers and clinical teams. The trial will measure both effectiveness (reductions in waiting time and patients on the waiting list) and implementation (fidelity, adoption, acceptability, feasibility, appropriateness and cost) outcomes, using quantitative healthcare data and qualitative data from staff and patients.

Linear mixed-effects models will be used for analysis of the primary effectiveness outcome of waiting time from referral to first appointment, with time point and time since intervention as factor variables. Implementation outcomes will be analysed descriptively, with qualitative data mapped deductively to the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research. A cost of implementation and cost-effectiveness analysis will be completed from the health service perspective.

ISRCTN15820171.

The co-use of nicotine/tobacco products and cannabis among young adults is prevalent, yet little is known regarding the treatment impact of co-use and the underlying relationship between substances. No prospective treatment studies to date have evaluated the impact of cannabis use on nicotine cessation specifically among young adults, with an emphasis on dual-use substance patterns predicting outcomes. The overall goal of this protocol is to characterise the relationship between nicotine and cannabis and evaluate how patterns of co-use are associated with nicotine cessation outcomes through a behavioural economics framework to examine how cannabis co-use may be associated with nicotine cessation. This study protocol describes an ongoing, prospective nicotine cessation trial being conducted among young adults who co-use nicotine (vaping and/or cigarettes) and cannabis products to: (1) evaluate the association between behavioural economically derived measures of substance substitutability on end of treatment (EOT) nicotine abstinence, (2) examine whether changes in nicotine use are associated with changes in cannabis demand and use and (3) assess reciprocal prospective relationships between patterns of nicotine and cannabis use during treatment.

This is a fully remote, prospective, 12-week nicotine cessation trial among young adults (ages 18–25; target N=350) across the USA who co-use nicotine and cannabis. Eligible participants vape nicotine and/or smoke cigarettes regularly (20+ days in the past 30) and use cannabis on 10+ out of the past 30 days. Participants receive comprehensive nicotine cessation treatment, which includes digital contingency management to reinforce nicotine abstinence, brief counselling and SMS-text based cessation support whereas cannabis use is monitored but not treated. Biochemical verification (through oral fluid samples) and self-reports (mobile daily diaries) of substance use are collected longitudinally. Study enrolment began in May 2024 and is expected to conclude in September 2027.

Aim 1 (primary outcome) analyses will evaluate whether baseline behavioural economic indices of nicotine–cannabis substitutability predict EOT nicotine abstinence using logistic regression models. Aim 2 (exploratory outcome) analyses will use generalised linear mixed-effects models to examine within-person associations between changes in nicotine use (abstinence, reduction in use, nicotine withdrawal) and cannabis demand and use over time, and whether these associations are moderated by time-varying substitutability. Cross-lagged panel models will be used for Aim 3 (exploratory outcome) to assess reciprocal prospective relationships between nicotine and cannabis use during treatment.

This study has received Institutional Review Board approval from the Medical University of South Carolina (reference ID: Pro00131124). All participants provide informed consent prior to study procedures. Findings will be disseminated through peer-reviewed publications, conference presentations and data sharing in accordance with National Institutes of Health and institutional guidelines. The manuscript reports protocol components according to the Standard Protocol Items: Recommendations for Interventional Trials (SPIRIT) checklist.

NCT06239350.

Internationally, nursing students’ awareness and familiarity with artificial intelligence (AI) remain a challenge as evidenced by the current literature. Interestingly, the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) region has earned a strong standing for driving national digital transformation; however, this ambition has not been translated into research. Despite growing interest in AI-driven healthcare, empirical studies examining nursing students’ readiness in these countries to operate in healthcare environments remain limited, representing a critical gap in the literature. Our initial literature review found a high degree of heterogeneity among study designs, measurement tools and theoretical framing and highlighted an unequivocal need for a rigorous and systematic synthesis to uncover consistent patterns, methodological gaps and contextual factors that shape nursing students’ engagement with AI.

This protocol aims to provide a structured plan for combining the current evidence on nursing students’ awareness, knowledge and attitudes regarding AI applications in nursing education.

This protocol is prepared in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis Protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015 guidelines, and it is registered with the international Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO). A comprehensive and systematic search of the literature will be undertaken across four key electronic databases: PubMed, CINAHL, Scopus and Web of Science, using Boolean search strings constructed from Medical Subject Headings-controlled terms and free-text keywords encompassing six predefined thematic domains: AI applications in nursing education, student awareness, attitudes, technology acceptance, adoption, ethical considerations and regional context. All studies published in English between January 2020 and June 2026 including cross-sectional, cohort, quasiexperimental and qualitative studies will be included in this review. The primary outcome is nursing students’ awareness of and attitudes toward AI; secondary outcomes include AI-related knowledge, behavioural intention and ethical concerns. A 41-item standardised form will be used for data extraction across all included studies, systematically capturing study characteristics, instruments, theoretical frameworks, barriers, facilitators and the outcomes of interest. To assess the studies’ quality, we will use the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) Critical Appraisal Tools for quantitative and qualitative studies, ensuring a comprehensive and methodologically consistent appraisal process across all included studies. Narrative synthesis will be performed complemented by meta-analysis where applicable, organised by the construct domains and geographic regions. This protocol provides an in-depth, systematic review plan that will report the most thorough synthesis to date regarding nursing students’ awareness, knowledge levels and perceptions of the utilisation of AI within nursing education. The review will identify validated instruments for cross-cultural adaptation, establish benchmarks and estimate prevalence of awareness, knowledge and attitude. We will describe the theoretical and contextual contrived factors associated with these constructs in nursing students.

As this systematic review is based exclusively on published literature and does not involve the collection of primary data from human participants or animals, formal ethical approval is not required. Findings from this review will be disseminated through publication in a peer-reviewed journal and presented at relevant national and international nursing and healthcare conferences. The review is expected to generate evidence-based insights that will inform nursing curricula, guide institutional policy on AI integration and highlight the critical evidence gap in the GCC region, including Oman, thereby contributing to the advancement of AI-ready nursing education internationally. A key focus will be mapping geographic variation, with particular attention to the GCC region where empirical evidence remains sparse.

CRD420261320108.

To preserve the validity and reliability of health instruments like patient-reported outcome measures across linguistic and cultural contexts, translation, cross-cultural adaptation and psychometric validation must be conducted using standardised, rigorous methodologies. Although international standards proposed by the International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research (ISPOR) and the COnsensus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurement INstruments (COSMIN) are available, adherence to these guidelines in Bangla-language instrument studies has not been systematically evaluated. This systematic review aims to identify, synthesise and critically appraise Bangla-language translation, cross-cultural adaptation and psychometric validation studies of health instruments for adherence to recommended methodological approaches, translation and cross-cultural adaptation guidelines and psychometric properties.

In this study, we will search three databases, including Ovid MEDLINE, PubMed and EMBASE via Ovid, from 1 February 2026 to 1 March 2026 to retrieve published articles on translation, adaptation and psychometric validation of health-related instruments into Bangla. Two reviewers will independently conduct title and abstract screening, full-text eligibility assessment, data extraction, evaluation of translation and cross-cultural adaptation quality and assessment of psychometric properties. The certainty of evidence will be graded. Disagreements will be resolved by consensus, with the consultation of a third reviewer when necessary. Methodological quality and psychometric properties will be assessed based on the COSMIN Risk of Bias (RoB) checklist and COSMIN standards. Evaluation of translation and cross-cultural adaptation will be based on the extended ISPOR guideline. COSMIN-Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach will be used to rate the certainty of evidence.

This study is a systematic review protocol, exclusively on published literature and publicly available data, and does not involve direct interaction with human participants or the collection of individual participant-level data. Therefore, ethical approval is not applicable. We expect to share our findings through national and/or international platforms. Moreover, the results will be published in a peer-reviewed journal. We anticipate that the result of this study will contribute to recommending a standardised roadmap for researchers, especially for conducting translation, validation and cross-cultural adaptation studies of health-related instruments in Bangla.

CRD420251250949.

The continuous cash benefit (Benefício de Prestacão Continuada, BPC) is Brazil’s main non-contributory social pension. It guarantees a monthly income equivalent to one minimum wage to individuals aged ≥65 years and to people with disabilities living in poverty, but evidence on its health effects remains limited. This protocol describes the design and methods for evaluating the effects of BPC on hospitalisations and mortality among older adults and their household members.

This natural experiment study uses linked administrative records from the 100 Million Brazilian Cohort (2001–2021), BPC payments (2016–2021), mortality (2001–2020) and hospitalisation data (2008–2018). Eligibility for elders is defined by age (≥65 years) and monthly family per capita income (

This study was approved by the Brazilian National Research Ethics Commission (CONEP) (approval number: 85981225.6.0000.0040), in accordance with the Brazilian National Health Council Resolution No. 466/2012. Findings will be disseminated through peer-reviewed publications, conference presentations, and policy briefs targeting stakeholders in social protection and health in Brazil. Results will also be shared with relevant governmental and non-governmental actors to support evidence-informed decision-making.

There is growing appreciation of the role of community engagement and involvement (CEI) in designing context-specific interventions for individuals with acquired brain and spinal injuries (ABSI). This realist review evaluates CEI strategies in ABSI research in both high-income (HICs) and low- and middle-income countries (LMICs).

A realist review.

Following RAMESES guidelines, a six-stage systematic search of the following databases: Medline, EMBASE, PsycINFO and Global Index Medicus was conducted from inception to March 2025.

Studies assessing CEI in ABSI research design and implementation were included. Neurodegenerative pathologies and studies focusing solely on perspectives or attitudes were excluded.

Data were extracted and synthesised using context-mechanism-outcome configurations to explain how CEI strategies were used to improve outcomes.

22 studies were included. Data showed three context-specific focus areas in HICs and LMICs. In HICs prominent contexts were (a) low self-efficacy, (b) untailored rehabilitation services and (c) poor digital literacy. These were addressed through (a) recognising volitional barriers, (b) creating modular programmes and (c) end-user-tested tele-education tools. Whereas in LMICs, the data showed high rates of (d) stigma, (e) poor workforce capacity for community care and (f) barriers to accessible community support. These were addressed through (d) involving community champions, (e) task-shifting addressing workforce gaps and (f) state-level policy changes. Most common CEI interventions in both HICs and LMICs were community advisory boards, Delphi method and integrated knowledge-translation approaches.

This study describes how different contextual factors affecting ABSI populations in HICs and LMICs interact with CEI strategies to trigger mechanisms that improve research engagement and patient outcomes. The study also highlights the dearth of CEI reported in neurosurgical trials. CEI should be embedded in experimental research to account for varying economic, social and infrastructural contexts, particularly in rural and LMIC settings.

The aim of this study was to assess vaccination coverage and inequalities in childhood immunisation among children aged 12 months in Ethiopia.

Performance monitoring for action Ethiopia implemented a nationally representative first-cohort longitudinal survey (2019–2021), collecting data at baseline, 6 weeks, 6 months and 1 year post partum to monitor reproductive, maternal, newborn and child health indicators.

The study was conducted from five Ethiopian regions: three predominantly agrarian (Amhara, Oromia and Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples), one pastoralist (Afar) and one urban (Addis Ababa).

The weighted sample comprised 1888 participants for full vaccine coverage (FVC) and 1677 for both incomplete vaccine coverage (IVC) and dropout rate (DOR) between pentavalent-1 and pentavalent-3 vaccines.

The vaccine coverage and inequalities were assessed using three indicators: FVC, IVC and DOR (between the first and third doses of the pentavalent vaccine). Key dimensions of inequality included maternal age, economic status, education level, place of residence and subnational regions. The analysis was conducted using Health Equity Assessment Toolkit Plus software, employing seven summary measures of inequalities: Difference, Ratio, Population Attributable Risk, Population Attributable Fraction, Slope Index of Inequality, Relative Index of Inequality and the Theil Index.

The study found that only 29.1% of 12-month-old children in Ethiopia had received full vaccination, whereas 67.2% had incomplete coverage and the DOR between the first and third doses of the pentavalent vaccine was 34.3%. Both simple and complex inequality measures revealed a high level of inequality in childhood immunisation indicators across wealth, education, place of residence and regions. FVC was higher among children of higher socioeconomic status and urban residence, whereas IVC and DOR were disproportionately higher among children from the poorest households, mothers with no education, rural residents and disadvantaged regions.

Childhood immunisation coverage in Ethiopia remains low and marked by high inequality. Higher rates of incomplete vaccination and vaccine dropout are disproportionately concentrated among children from low socioeconomic backgrounds, rural residents and disadvantaged regions. These disparities reflect substantial health inequities in childhood vaccinations as they are unfair and avoidable with appropriate interventions. The study underscores that addressing socioeconomic and geographic inequalities could substantially improve the national immunisation coverage and accelerate progress towards universal health coverage targets.

To examine the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on body mass index (BMI) and obesity status among Canadian residents and explore how this association varied by sociodemographic and health status.

Prospective cohort study.

Canada.

41 302 adults, aged 45–85 at baseline, participating in the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging.

BMI and BMI-defined obesity were measured at baseline, follow-up 1 and follow-up 2 (FUP2), with 33% of FUP2 data (n=13 444) gathered after 16 March 2020, when COVID-19 restrictions began. Correction factors were applied for self-reported BMI and weighted generalised estimating equations assessed BMI changes before and during the pandemic.

We found a significant interaction between follow-up time and timing of FUP2 data collection (before or during the pandemic). Participants measured during the pandemic had an excess BMI increase of 0.21 kg/m² (95% CI 0.15 to 0.28) and 1.06 times higher odds of obesity (95% CI 1.03 to 1.09) compared with prepandemic trends. Increases were more pronounced among females, middle-aged adults and those without diabetes.

The COVID-19 pandemic was associated with a modest increase in BMI and obesity among Canadian adults. Ongoing research is needed to assess long-term trends.

This review synthesised evidence from studies about the perceptions and experiences of primary care doctors (PCDs) regarding the factors that influenced or inhibited their decision to recommend cancer screening.

Qualitative evidence synthesis (QES) following the ENTREQ (Enhancing Transparency in Reporting the Synthesis of Qualitative Research) guideline.

MEDLINE, Web of Science, Embase and the Cochrane Library for eligible studies that were published between 1 January 2000 and 22 January 2025.

We included peer-reviewed studies which involved PCDs (in private or public settings in any country), covered cancer screening guideline recommendations and written in English.

Two independent reviewers conducted article screening, data extraction, quality assessment and coding. The review team discussed, reviewed, and refined the descriptive themes and analytical themes to reach higher-level interpretation.

Nine studies were included in this QES. The synthesis of evidence identified three main analytical themes. First, PCDs demonstrated positive attitudes towards cancer screening guidelines even though there were some concerns regarding false-negative results and colonoscopy-related complications as well as a perceived lack of rewards/compensation for adhering to screening guidelines. Second, implementation challenges were noted including patient factors, PCD-related inhibitors, health system-related barriers and challenges related to cancer awareness and beliefs. Thirdly, the factors that were perceived by PCDs to facilitate guideline adherence included integration of digital record systems, reminders and raising community awareness about screening. Only one study was conducted in a low-middle-income country, and it indicated that resource limitations, including the unavailability of FOBT tests, were reported to reduce PCDs’ motivation to implement cancer screening recommendations. In addition, cancer-related stigma, cultural beliefs and misconceptions about cancer—such as preferring home or religious remedies—were perceived as barriers to screening uptake, highlighting the need for stronger public health education and awareness initiatives.

There tends to be good adherence to screening guidelines among PCDs across various countries and healthcare systems at least relating to colorectal cancer and, to a lesser extent, cervical cancer. Studies about adherence to BC screening in primary care are required. The incorporation of an array of interrelated factors appears to facilitate adherence. We know less about cancer guideline adherence in resource-constrained settings, and there is a need for studies in primary care in LMICs.

Primary progressive aphasia (PPA) is a neurodegenerative syndrome associated with Alzheimer’s disease and frontotemporal degeneration. Non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) is a promising treatment, especially associated with language therapy, but comparative efficacy and long-term effects between the different techniques (transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)) remain unknown. The present study aims to investigate the effects of non-invasive brain stimulation, alone or associated (tDCS/TMS/tDCS plus TMS) combined with language therapy delivered during a period of 6 months, in the progression of language impairment in PPA, compared with sham stimulation combined with language therapy.

The study is a randomised, double-blinded, parallel, sham-controlled clinical trial. Patients with PPA in early stages (global Clinical Dementia Rating equal to or less than 1) are eligible. They are to be randomised to one of the four treatment arms of the study (active tDCS-active TMS, active tDCS-sham TMS, sham tDCS-active TMS, sham tDCS-sham TMS). All patients will receive language therapy immediately after each session of NIBS, for 6 months. The primary outcome is the Mini-Linguistic State Examination. The secondary outcomes are naming of trained items, Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination, Interview for Deterioration in Daily Living Activities, Clinical Dementia Rating including behaviour and language domains, Neuropsychiatric Inventory and regional brain metabolism. Exploratory substudies will be conducted including blood biomarkers, quantitative electroencephalography and spontaneous speech assessment.

The study is registered (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT07158216) and approved by the Ethics Committee of the Hospital Clinico San Carlos (code 25/309-IC_P_CE). Patients will be enrolled after signing an informed consent form. Study outcomes will be disseminated through presentations at scientific conferences, publications in peer-reviewed journals and other academic forums.

NCT07158216.

Masculinising chest surgery, also known as top surgery, is the most requested gender-affirming procedure among transgender and gender-diverse (TGD) adolescents, yet research on patient experiences remains limited. This study explored the experiences of TGD adolescents who were seeking or had undergone masculinising chest surgery.

Qualitative secondary analysis using existing themes framework and data from the GENDER-Q (GQ) and GENDER-Q Youth (GQY) research programmes, which aim to develop comprehensive patient-reported outcome measures for gender-affirming care.

Participants were sampled from five high-volume gender-affirming care clinics, three in Canada and two in the United States. Interviews were conducted online.

35 GQ and GQY participants aged 13–18 years who were assigned female at birth, identified as trans men or non-binary, and were pursuing (n=19) or had undergone (n=16) masculinising chest surgery.

Three major themes emerged: chest appearance, health-related quality of life (HRQL) and gender practices. Most participants expected a flatter chest that aesthetically aligned with their gender identity. Presurgery participants anticipated that surgery would allow them to engage in previously avoided physical activities and would enhance their relationships. Postoperative participants reported increased physical activity, mental resilience, bodily connection and social comfort. Most reported binder use and related reliance or discomfort as motivators for pursuing surgery.

This study highlights the multidimensional experiences surrounding masculinising chest surgery on TGD adolescents with impacts on chest appearance, HRQL and gender practices. Centering adolescents’ perspectives, these findings underscore the importance of accessible, affirming surgical care and provide valuable insights for clinicians, policymakers and future research.

To investigate how patients with sarcoma present prior to diagnosis—through a general practitioner (GP) or another healthcare professional (HCP)—and describe presenting symptoms.

International observational cohort study.

Data were obtained from the longitudinal ‘QUality of life and Experiences of Sarcoma Trajectories’ (QUEST) cohort study, conducted across the Netherlands, the United Kingdom (UK), Australia and New Zealand.

Among 572 patients, 487 (85.1%) started their diagnostic trajectory at the GP (subcohort 1) and 85 (14.9%) with another HCP (subcohort 2)—mainly medical specialists treating unrelated conditions (36/85; 42.4%). Soft tissue sarcoma patients most often reported swelling, whereas bone sarcoma patients reported unexplained pain. Notably, 31/85 (36.5%) of subcohort 2 were asymptomatic. Reasons for delaying GP visits included assuming symptoms were minor and expecting them to resolve. Patients sought care when, among others, symptoms persisted and worsened.

Most patients first consulted a GP, underlining the role of primary care in sarcoma diagnosis internationally. Due to rarity and nonspecific symptoms, faster diagnosis remains challenging, requiring improvements in both primary and specialist care.

NCT03441906; Results.

Adhesive capsulitis (frozen shoulder) is a common condition characterised by pain, stiffness and reduced function. While conventional physiotherapy (typically comprising joint mobilisation, stretching, strengthening and electrotherapy) is widely used, there is limited evidence for the effectiveness of advanced neuromuscular techniques such as the reciprocal inhibition technique (RIT). This study aims to evaluate the impact of incorporating RIT into standard physiotherapy compared with standard physiotherapy alone in individuals with adhesive capsulitis.

This is a double-blind, randomised controlled trial. 30 adults aged 30–70 years with clinically confirmed adhesive capsulitis will be recruited from a tertiary rehabilitation centre in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Participants will be randomly allocated to receive either RIT combined with conventional physiotherapy or conventional physiotherapy alone, with both groups undergoing 12 treatment sessions over 4 weeks. The primary outcome is pain intensity at 4 weeks post-randomisation, measured by the Numeric Pain Rating Scale. Secondary outcomes include shoulder range of motion (abduction, internal and external rotation, assessed with a universal goniometer), functional ability (Shoulder Pain and Disability Index) and muscle strength (abduction, internal and external rotation, measured by hand-held dynamometry). Blinded assessors will conduct evaluations at baseline and after the intervention. Data will be analysed using intention-to-treat principles. Between-group comparisons will be made using linear mixed models with fixed effects for group, time and group-by-time interaction, and a random intercept for participants to account for repeated measurements. Within-group changes will be estimated from the models.

This trial has received ethical clearance from the Institutional Review Board of the Institute of Physiotherapy, Rehabilitation & Research (approval number BPA-IPRR/IRB/18/02/2025/32). Results will be disseminated through peer-reviewed publications and international conferences in accordance with Standard Protocol Items: Recommendations for Interventional Trials (SPIRIT) guidelines. By addressing a significant evidence gap, this study may establish RIT as an effective and affordable adjunct to standard physiotherapy for managing adhesive capsulitis.

CTRI/2025/06/089288 [Registered on: 23/06/2025]