Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are rapidly escalating in developing countries and social factors such as the dynamics of the family play an important part in the lifestyle choices that lead to the onset and maintenance of chronic illness. There remains a gap in Malaysia as the majority of the studies were focused on the normal population rather than directly towards persons having NCDs. This study aimed to examine emerging risk factors such as family functionality and its association with NCD.

A cross-sectional survey was conducted using a multistage random sampling method.

Urban residential areas in Selangor, Malaysia.

A total of 2542 adults residing in urban areas of Selangor were recruited.

Family functionality was measured using the APGAR (Adaptation, Participation, Gain or Growth, Affection and Resources) scale and multiple logistic regression was performed to measure the association between emerging risk factors and NCD.

The prevalence of diabetes mellitus and hypertension was 10.8% and 6.1%, respectively. Widowed/separated status (adjusted OR (AOR) 41.53, 95% CI 19.06 to 90.48, p value=0.001) was reported to be a predictor of diabetes. As for hypertension, familial functionality (AOR 4.2, 95% CI 1.11 to 14.50, p value

There is a growing concern that family functionality is an emerging risk factor for NCDs. Future family-centred health promotion programmes should be incorporated to improve self-management behaviours and health outcomes.

Workplace violence (WPV) is a significant occupational hazard in healthcare, negatively impacting healthcare workers’ (HCWs) mental health and quality of care. Psychosocial safety climate (PSC), an organisational factor emphasising psychological well-being, may influence how HCWs perceive, experience and cope with WPV. However, its role in shaping HCWs’ coping strategies remains underexplored. This study aims to examine the relationship between PSC and coping mechanisms among HCWs experiencing WPV in public hospitals.

This explanatory sequential mixed-method study comprises two phases. In Phase 1, a multicentre cross-sectional survey will be conducted among at least 440 HCWs working in Malaysian public hospitals that are selected through multistage random sampling. PSC, WPV exposure and coping mechanisms will be assessed using validated tools, including the Psychosocial Safety Climate (PSC-12) scale and the Brief Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced (Brief COPE) questionnaire. Linear regression will examine the association between PSC and coping mechanisms among HCWs exposed to WPV. In Phase 2, 6–12 HCWs with WPV experience in the past year and employed in high-PSC departments will be selected via criterion sampling with maximum variation for in-depth interviews. A semistructured interview guide based on the Transactional Model of Stress and Coping will be developed and pilot tested. Data will undergo thematic analysis until saturation is reached, identifying key themes on how PSC influences coping. Findings from both phases will be integrated using joint display analysis to inform PSC-driven interventions that promote coping and reduce WPV impacts among HCWs.

The study has been approved by the Ministry of Health Medical Research and Ethics Committees and Universiti Teknologi MARA Research Ethics Committee. Informed, written consent will be obtained from all participants. Findings will be disseminated to the Ministry of Health and through peer-reviewed publications.

Although low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) is established as the primary cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factor, some individuals with LDL-C within desirable limits still develop coronary artery disease (CAD). Lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)) has emerged as a genetically determined independent risk factor for CVD. This study aims to investigate Lp(a) by determining its association with coronary artery stenosis severity, identifying its ethnic-specific genetic determinants and assessing its relationship with an energy-dense dietary pattern.

The PUTRA-CV study is a 3-year, multicentre, case-control observational study involving adult patients who have undergone coronary angiography. The primary outcome is the association between Lp(a) levels and the severity of angiographic CAD (assessed by Gensini or Syntax score). Secondary outcomes include the frequencies of Lp(a)-associated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (rs10455872 and rs3798220) and the association between dietary patterns and Lp(a) levels. Lp(a) will be measured using a particle-enhanced immunoturbidimetric method, and SNPs will be genotyped using high-resolution melting. Dietary intake will be assessed using a validated semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire. Data will be analysed using SPSS. Descriptive statistics will be used to summarise population characteristics. Bivariate analyses will use chi-square (2), independent t-tests or Mann-Whitney U tests as appropriate. The independent association between Lp(a) and coronary artery stenosis severity will be determined using multivariable logistic regression, adjusting for confounders. Empirically driven dietary patterns will be derived using reduced rank regression, and their association with Lp(a) will be assessed. For genetic analysis, allele frequencies of the LPA SNPs rs10455872 and rs3798220 will be calculated and compared between cases and controls.

Ethical approval has been obtained from the ethics committees of the Ministry of Health Malaysia (NMRR ID-24-00877-2ID-IIR), Universiti Putra Malaysia (JKEUPM-2024–246), Universiti Teknologi MARA (REC/07/2024-OT/FB/2) and Universiti Malaya Medical Centre (MREC ID NO: 2 02 453–13692). The findings will be disseminated via peer-reviewed journals and conferences.