Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are rapidly escalating in developing countries and social factors such as the dynamics of the family play an important part in the lifestyle choices that lead to the onset and maintenance of chronic illness. There remains a gap in Malaysia as the majority of the studies were focused on the normal population rather than directly towards persons having NCDs. This study aimed to examine emerging risk factors such as family functionality and its association with NCD.

A cross-sectional survey was conducted using a multistage random sampling method.

Urban residential areas in Selangor, Malaysia.

A total of 2542 adults residing in urban areas of Selangor were recruited.

Family functionality was measured using the APGAR (Adaptation, Participation, Gain or Growth, Affection and Resources) scale and multiple logistic regression was performed to measure the association between emerging risk factors and NCD.

The prevalence of diabetes mellitus and hypertension was 10.8% and 6.1%, respectively. Widowed/separated status (adjusted OR (AOR) 41.53, 95% CI 19.06 to 90.48, p value=0.001) was reported to be a predictor of diabetes. As for hypertension, familial functionality (AOR 4.2, 95% CI 1.11 to 14.50, p value

There is a growing concern that family functionality is an emerging risk factor for NCDs. Future family-centred health promotion programmes should be incorporated to improve self-management behaviours and health outcomes.

This study aimed to translate and validate the Malay version of the Patient Measure of Safety-10 (M-PMOS-10) for use in Malaysian healthcare settings. The study also sought to establish its content and face validity to ensure cultural relevance, psychometric validity and reliability in assessing patient perceptions of safety.

A cross-sectional validation study.

The study was conducted in tertiary-level care at a teaching hospital in Kelantan, Malaysia.

30 hospitalised patients participated in face validity assessment, while another 100 patients were involved in confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) for construct validation. Eligible participants were adults aged 18–60, fluent in Malay, clinically stable and without a formally diagnosed psychiatric illness.

The primary outcome was the psychometric validation of the M-PMOS-10, assessed through CFA and internal consistency reliability (Raykov’s rho). Content validity was determined using expert evaluations, and face validity was assessed through cognitive interviews with patients. Secondary outcomes included descriptive statistics of patient safety perceptions.

The M-PMOS-10 demonstrated excellent internal consistency (Raykov’s rho=0.929) and strong factor loadings (majority >0.70). CFA supported a revised single-factor structure (Comparative Fit Index=0.986, Root Mean Square Error of Approximation=0.067). Scale-Level Content Validity Index/Average method (Ave) (0.96) confirmed the relevance of the translated items, while Scale-Level Face Validity Index/Ave (0.87) indicated that patients found the questionnaire items clear and comprehensible. The mean total M-PMOS-10 score was 42.98 (SD=6.14), indicating positive patient safety perceptions, though communication regarding care plans showed room for improvement.

The validated M-PMOS-10 is a reliable and culturally appropriate tool for assessing patient safety perceptions in Malaysia. Its strong content and face validity reinforce its utility in patient safety research and clinical applications. Implementing this tool can help healthcare institutions identify safety gaps, refine staff training and improve communication strategies. Future studies should explore its applicability in different healthcare settings and assess its responsiveness to interventions to enhance patient safety.