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Factors affecting the implementation of calcium supplementation strategies during pregnancy to prevent pre-eclampsia: a mixed-methods systematic review

Por: Cormick · G. · Moraa · H. · Zahroh · R. I. · Allotey · J. · Rocha · T. · Pena-Rosas · J. P. · Qureshi · Z. P. · Hofmeyr · G. J. · Mistry · H. · Smits · L. · Vogel · J. P. · Palacios · A. · Gwako · G. N. · Abalos · E. · Larbi · K. K. · Carroli · G. · Riley · R. · Snell · K. I. · Thorson · A.
Objectives

Daily calcium supplements are recommended for pregnant women from 20 weeks’ gestation to prevent pre-eclampsia in populations with low dietary calcium intake. We aimed to improve understanding of barriers and facilitators for calcium supplement intake during pregnancy to prevent pre-eclampsia.

Design

Mixed-method systematic review, with confidence assessed using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations-Confidence in the Evidence from Reviews of Qualitative research approach.

Data sources

MEDLINE and EMBASE (via Ovid), CINAHL and Global Health (via EBSCO) and grey literature databases were searched up to 17 September 2022.

Eligibility criteria

We included primary qualitative, quantitative and mixed-methods studies reporting implementation or use of calcium supplements during pregnancy, excluding calcium fortification and non-primary studies. No restrictions were imposed on settings, language or publication date.

Data extraction and synthesis

Two independent reviewers extracted data and assessed risk of bias. We analysed the qualitative data using thematic synthesis, and quantitative findings were thematically mapped to qualitative findings. We then mapped the results to behavioural change frameworks to identify barriers and facilitators.

Results

Eighteen reports from nine studies were included in this review. Women reported barriers to consuming calcium supplements included limited knowledge about calcium supplements and pre-eclampsia, fears and experiences of side effects, varying preferences for tablets, dosing, working schedules, being away from home and taking other supplements. Receiving information regarding pre-eclampsia and safety of calcium supplement use from reliable sources, alternative dosing options, supplement reminders, early antenatal care, free supplements and support from families and communities were reported as facilitators. Healthcare providers felt that consistent messaging about benefits and risks of calcium, training, and ensuring adequate staffing and calcium supply is available would be able to help them in promoting calcium.

Conclusion

Relevant stakeholders should consider the identified barriers and facilitators when formulating interventions and policies on calcium supplement use. These review findings can inform implementation to ensure effective and equitable provision and scale-up of calcium interventions.

PROSPERO registration number

CRD42021239143.

Long COVID in long-term care: a rapid realist review

Por: Fyffe · I. · Sorensen · J. · Carroll · S. · MacPhee · M. · Andrews-Paul · A. · Crooks · V. A. · Freeman · S. · Davison · K. · Walls · J. · Berndt · A. · Shams · B. · Sivan · M. · Mithani · A.
Objectives

The goals of this rapid realist review were to ask: (a) what are the key mechanisms that drive successful interventions for long COVID in long-term care (LTC) and (b) what are the critical contexts that determine whether the mechanisms produce the intended outcomes?

Design

Rapid realist review.

Data sources

Medline, CINAHL, Embase, PsycINFO and Web of Science for peer-reviewed literature and Google for grey literature were searched up to 23 February 2023.

Eligibility criteria

We included sources focused on interventions, persons in LTC, long COVID or post-acute phase at least 4 weeks following initial COVID-19 infection and ones that had a connection with source materials.

Data extraction and synthesis

Three independent reviewers searched, screened and coded studies. Two independent moderators resolved conflicts. A data extraction tool organised relevant data into context-mechanism-outcome configurations using realist methodology. Twenty-one sources provided 51 intervention data excerpts used to develop our programme theory. Synthesised findings were presented to a reference group and expert panel for confirmatory purposes.

Results

Fifteen peer-reviewed articles and six grey literature sources were eligible for inclusion. Eleven context-mechanism-outcome configurations identify those contextual factors and underlying mechanisms associated with desired outcomes, such as clinical care processes and policies that ensure timely access to requisite resources for quality care delivery, and resident-centred assessments and care planning to address resident preferences and needs. The underlying mechanisms associated with enhanced outcomes for LTC long COVID survivors were: awareness, accountability, vigilance and empathetic listening.

Conclusions

Although the LTC sector struggles with organisational capacity issues, they should be aware that comprehensively assessing and monitoring COVID-19 survivors and providing timely interventions to those with long COVID is imperative. This is due to the greater care needs of residents with long COVID, and coordinated efficient care is required to optimise their quality of life.

Incorporating usability evaluation into iterative development of an online platform to support research participation in Parkinsons disease: a mixed methods protocol

Por: Chapman · R. · Zeissler · M.-L. · Meinert · E. · Mullin · S. · Whipps · S. · Whipps · J. · Hockey · K. · Hockey · P. · Carroll · C. B.
Introduction

Many people with Parkinson’s (PwP) are not given the opportunity or do not have adequate access to participate in clinical research. To address this, we have codeveloped with users an online platform that connects PwP to clinical studies in their local area. It enables site staff to communicate with potential participants and aims to increase the participation of the Parkinson’s community in research. This protocol outlines the mixed methods study protocol for the usability testing of the platform.

Methods and analysis

We will seek user input to finalise the platform’s design, which will then be deployed in a limited launch for beta testing. The beta version will be used as a recruitment tool for up to three studies with multiple UK sites. Usability data will be collected from the three intended user groups: PwP, care partners acting on their behalf and site study coordinators. Usability questionnaires and website analytics will be used to capture user experience quantitatively, and a purposive sample of users will be invited to provide further feedback via semistructured interviews. Quantitative data will be analysed using descriptive statistics, and a thematic analysis undertaken for interview data. Data from this study will inform future platform iterations.

Ethics and dissemination

Ethical approval was obtained from the University of Plymouth (3291; 3 May 2022). We will share our findings via a ‘Latest News’ section within the platform, presentations, conference meetings and national PwP networks.

Developing a model for decision-making around antibiotic prescribing for patients with COVID-19 pneumonia in acute NHS hospitals during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic: qualitative results from the Procalcitonin Evaluation of Antibiotic use in COV

Por: Henley · J. · Brookes-Howell · L. · Euden · J. · Pallmann · P. · Llewelyn · M. · Howard · P. · Powell · N. · Dark · P. · Szakmany · T. · Hellyer · T. P. · Albur · M. · Hamilton · R. · Prestwich · G. · Ogden · M. · Maboshe · W. · Sandoe · J. · Thomas-Jones · E. · Carrol · E. · on behalf of
Objective

To explore and model factors affecting antibiotic prescribing decision-making early in the pandemic.

Design

Semistructured qualitative interview study.

Setting

National Health Service (NHS) trusts/health boards in England and Wales.

Participants

Clinicians from NHS trusts/health boards in England and Wales.

Method

Individual semistructured interviews were conducted with clinicians in six NHS trusts/health boards in England and Wales as part of the Procalcitonin Evaluation of Antibiotic use in COVID-19 Hospitalised patients study, a wider study that included statistical analysis of procalcitonin (PCT) use in hospitals during the first wave of the pandemic. Thematic analysis was used to identify key factors influencing antibiotic prescribing decisions for patients with COVID-19 pneumonia during the first wave of the pandemic (March to May 2020), including how much influence PCT test results had on these decisions.

Results

During the first wave of the pandemic, recommendations to prescribe antibiotics for patients with COVID-19 pneumonia were based on concerns about secondary bacterial infections. However, as clinicians gained more experience with COVID-19, they reported increasing confidence in their ability to distinguish between symptoms and signs caused by SARS-CoV-2 viral infection alone, and secondary bacterial infections. Antibiotic prescribing decisions were influenced by factors such as clinician experience, confidence, senior support, situational factors and organisational influences. A decision-making model was developed.

Conclusion

This study provides insight into the decision-making process around antibiotic prescribing for patients with COVID-19 pneumonia during the first wave of the pandemic. The importance of clinician experience and of senior review of decisions as factors in optimising antibiotic stewardship is highlighted. In addition, situational and organisational factors were identified that could be optimised. The model presented in the study can be used as a tool to aid understanding of the complexity of the decision-making process around antibiotic prescribing and planning antimicrobial stewardship support in the context of a pandemic.

Trial registration number

ISRCTN66682918.

Investigating trial design variability in trials of disease-modifying therapies in Parkinsons disease: a scoping review protocol

Por: Zeissler · M.-L. · Boey · T. · Chapman · D. · Rafaloff · G. · Dominey · T. · Raphael · K. G. · Buff · S. · Pai · H. V. · King · E. · Sharpe · P. · OBrien · F. · Carroll · C. B.
Introduction

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a debilitating neurological disorder for which the identification of disease-modifying interventions represents a major unmet need. Diverse trial designs have attempted to mitigate challenges of population heterogeneity, efficacious symptomatic therapy and lack of outcome measures that are objective and sensitive to change in a disease modification setting. It is not clear whether consensus is emerging regarding trial design choices. Here, we report the protocol of a scoping review that will provide a contemporary update on trial design variability for disease-modifying interventions in PD.

Methods and analysis

The Population, Intervention, Comparator, Outcome and Study design (PICOS) framework will be used to structure the review, inform study selection and analysis. The databases MEDLINE, Web of Science, Cochrane and the trial registry ClinicalTrials.gov will be systematically searched to identify published studies and registry entries in English. Two independent reviewers will screen study titles, abstracts and full text for eligibility, with disagreements being resolved through discussion or by a third reviewer where necessary. Data on general study information, eligibility criteria, outcome measures, trial design, retention and statistically significant findings will be extracted into a standardised form. Extracted data will be presented in a descriptive analysis. We will report our findings using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Scoping Review extension.

Ethics and dissemination

This work will provide an overview of variation and emerging trends in trial design choices for disease-modifying trials of PD. Due to the nature of this study, there are no ethical or safety considerations. We plan to publish our findings in a peer-reviewed journal.

Primary care in Northern Ontario for transgender people in the context of the COVID‐19 pandemic: A qualitative secondary analysis

Abstract

Purpose

To examine changes to primary care practice for transgender clients resulting from government mandated public health measures in response to COVID-19 in Northern Ontario.

Design

Secondary analysis of qualitative data using interview transcripts from a dataset that included 15 interviews conducted between October 2020 and April 2021.

Methods

The dataset came from a convergent mixed method study exploring the delivery of primary care services to transgender individuals in Northern Ontario. Qualitative interviews with primary care practitioners including nurse practitioners, nurses, physicians, social workers, psychotherapists, and pharmacists providing care for transgender people in Northern Ontario were included in the secondary analysis.

Results

Fifteen primary care practitioner providing care to transgender individuals in Northern Ontario participated in the parent study. Practitioners described their understanding of the effect of the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic changes on their practice and the care experience for their transgender patients. Two themes were identified and described by participants: (1) a change in the delivery of care; and (2) barriers and facilitators to care.

Conclusions

Practitioners' primary care experiences in the early waves of COVID suggest the integral use of telehealth in Northern Ontario transgender care. Nurses working in advance practice and nurse practitioners are essential in providing continuity of care for their transgender clients.

Clinical relevance/Significance

Identification of initial practice changes for the primary care of trans people will illuminate avenues for further research. The urban, rural, and remote practice settings in Northern Ontario provide an opportunity for increasing access for gender diverse people in these areas and for developing increased understanding of uptake of telemedicine practice. Nurses are integral to primary care for transgender patients in Northern Ontario.

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