Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a global health concern and a major long-term complication of diabetes, yet its burden remains understudied in regions with limited epidemiological data. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of CKD and its associated risk factors in the Iranian adult population, stratified by diabetes status.

Population-based cross-sectional study.

Nationally representative survey across Iran (STEPS 2021).

17 607 adults aged ≥25 years with complete kidney function and albuminuria data, selected through systematic sampling with weighting to ensure national representativeness.

CKD was defined as an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR)

The national prevalence of CKD was 11.9% (95% CI 11.2% to 12.6%), with 9.1% (8.5% to 9.9%) among individuals without diabetes and 28.6% (26.2% to 31.1%) among those with diabetes. According to KDIGO classification, 88.1% (87.4% to 88.8%) were at low risk, 9.0% (8.4% to 9.6%) at moderate risk, 2.0% (1.6% to 2.4%) at high risk and 0.9% (0.7% to 1.1%) at very high risk. Albuminuria was more prevalent than low eGFR in both groups with (22.5% (20.4% to 24.8%) vs 10.3% (8.7% to 12.1%)) and without (5.7% (5.2% to 6.3%) vs 4.3% (3.8% to 4.8%)) diabetes. Diabetes was more strongly linked to albuminuria than low eGFR and was progressively associated with higher risk categories (adjusted ORs (aORs) 2.41 (2.03–2.86) for moderate, 2.63 (1.74–3.97) for high, 3.93 (2.56–6.07) for very high vs low-risk). CKD prevalence was highest in northwest Iran, increased significantly with age, with a stronger association observed for low eGFR than albuminuria, and was associated with hypertension (aOR 2.41 (2.07–2.82)), dyslipidaemia (1.60 (1.31–1.94)), obesity (1.94 (1.59–2.36)), ischaemic heart disease (1.53 (1.25–1.87)) and physical inactivity (1.40 (1.20–1.62)). Higher socioeconomic status and education were associated with lower odds of CKD.

CKD is a major burden, especially in individuals with diabetes, with regional and socioeconomic disparities. Addressing risk factors, integrating CKD into non-communicable disease surveillance and prioritising it in global health agendas, including the Sustainable Development Goals, are essential.

Self-care plays a pivotal role in the management of heart failure (HF). Health literacy and empowerment are considered the prerequisites of effective self-care. This project aims to improve self-management in people with HF by describing, analysing and enhancing the communication practices of clinicians and patients to support people with HF to increase their health literacy skills and participate in shared decision-making.

A multimethod research design incorporating an interview component, a concurrent mixed-methods component and a pilot intervention study is used. The study is currently being conducted at two Australian hospitals in metropolitan areas (one public and one private). The interview component involves semistructured interviews with healthcare providers and hospital executives and managers at the participating sites to explore perceived barriers and facilitators to HF self-management and understand the institutional context of HF care. The concurrent mixed-methods components include: (a) tracking and audio recording the clinical interactions of patients with HF (n=30) during their hospitalisation and up to 6 months after discharge and semistructured interviews with the patient (and the carer) and the participating clinician after each clinical interaction and (b) collecting longitudinal survey data (n=180, patients) to track patients’ health literacy, empowerment and self-management over 6 months. The pilot feasibility study includes developing a complex intervention for clinicians and patients and evaluating its acceptability and potential in improving health literacy and reducing readmissions, length of stay and costs.

This study was approved by the Australian Capital Territory Health (2023.ETH.00007) and Edith Cowan University (023–04314-SAUNDERS) Human Research Ethics Committees. Informed consent was obtained and will continue to be sought from all participants. Study results will be disseminated in peer-reviewed journals.

Adolescents living with HIV are at a high nutritional risk. Ensuring optimal nutrition and food security is fundamental for promoting the health of adolescents and youth living with HIV/AIDS (AYLHIV), preventing HIV disease progression and improving quality of life. The objective of this scoping review is to map and identify the current literature concerning nutrition and food-related interventions addressing AYLHIV.

The study will follow the Joanna Briggs Institute methodology for scoping reviews. We will search for relevant studies in the following databases: MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science and Google Scholar. We will perform additional searches of the grey literature using snowball search and citation tracking and manual searches of institutional websites. Titles and abstracts will then be screened by two independent reviewers for assessment against the inclusion criteria. Disagreements will be resolved through discussion. A data extraction form will be used to guide the data extraction.

This review will involve the collection and analysis of secondary sources that have been published and/or are publicly available. Therefore, ethics approval is not required. The results will be published in an international peer-reviewed journal, presented at scientific conferences and disseminated through digital science communication platforms.

The protocol is registered in the Open Science Framework: https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/HGBKV.