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We use new data and robust methods to estimate mortality levels and trends for US states and Washington DC and quantify cohort life expectancy for birth cohorts between 1941 and 2000.
Observational retrospective cohort study.
Mortality data and population estimates for cohorts born between 1941 and 2000 at the state, regional and national levels were obtained from the US Mortality Database.
We estimated cohort life expectancy at birth by sex and geographical level. We used the coefficient of variation to assess levels and trends in convergence in cohort life expectancy by geographical level.
In contrast to recent findings, estimates suggest that all states and regions experienced cohort life expectancy gains between the birth cohorts of 1941 and 2000 for both sexes, typically more than 5 years; the range included gains of 7–8 years in Oklahoma and Arkansas to over 14 years in Arizona, New Mexico and South Carolina (men). States sharply converged in the 1940s due to the South making substantial gains in under-five mortality, and since the 1960s there has been overall stability in geographical variation that is a combination of continued convergence by the South and modest divergence in the Midwest.
Cohort life expectancy estimates across US states over the birth cohorts born between 1941 and 2000 have shown important gains in all states and regions. The lack of progress estimated in other work is not replicated; for example, recent work estimated that between 1950 and 2000, at least 15 states’ female populations experienced cohort life expectancy losses; however, the use of better data and robust methods show no losses by any state. Our results also point to early life public health and medical interventions as key explanations for regional convergence in cohort life expectancy around 1950, however, the results suggest only modest additional convergence since then.
Hypertension remains a critical health disparity among Black older adults, driven by factors such as socioeconomic inequities, chronic stress and barriers to healthcare access. Within this population, family relationships, particularly intergenerational interactions, significantly influence health behaviours and the management of hypertension remain understudied.
To explore intergenerational factors influencing hypertension prevention and management among Black older adults, focusing on how family relationships impact health behaviours, knowledge transfer and treatment adherence.
A discursive paper applying the Transtheoretical Model of Change and Self-Determination Theory as guiding frameworks to examine the role of family dynamics in hypertension management. PubMed, Scopus and Google Scholar were searched for peer-reviewed papers published from 2015 to 2025.
The role of family in health behaviours is examined, including the transmission of health knowledge, caregiving dynamics and emotional support. Both barriers and facilitators to effective hypertension management are identified, including cultural beliefs, community resources and the impact of intergenerational role modelling.
The discussion underscores the need for nurses to adopt family-centred approaches in hypertension management, considering the intergenerational influences on health outcomes. Recommendations for integrating these insights into clinical practice and nursing education are provided.
Understanding the intergenerational context of hypertension management can enhance patient care by improving adherence and prevention strategies. Future research should further explore the role of family in managing hypertension among Black older adults.
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), an unknown aetiology type of interstitial lung disease (ILD), carries the poorest prognosis and is more common in males and the elderly. Gender differences in baseline presentation, lung function and comorbidities may have an impact on prognostic outcomes.
The aim of this study was to explore gender differences in clinical features, comorbidities and outcomes in IPF in a UK cohort.
This was a retrospective cohort study analysing data from the British Thoracic Society UK IPF ILD Registry from January 2013 to February 2024. We compared baseline characteristics between males and females, and a survival analysis in both genders was performed using the Cox proportional hazards model.
We identified 6666 IPF patients with a mean age at diagnosis of 74.1±8.1. Our cohort was predominantly male (5197, 78%), with a higher proportion of current and ex-smokers compared with females (69.9% vs 59.9%, p
Gender differences in baseline characteristics and prognostic factors were observed in IPF. A gender-based approach in managing IPF is warranted, and further studies are needed to clarify these differences and their impact on IPF management.
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