Telehealth has the potential to address challenges faced by the healthcare industry. To achieve the intended goals of telehealth programmes, stakeholders should engage with these services. Prior research demonstrates that perceived value influences stakeholder engagement in a system-based service. Therefore, this review aims to synthesise the value perceptions of telehealth stakeholders.

The review followed Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines.

Articles published between 1 January 2013 and 31 December 2024 were identified through SCOPUS, PubMed and Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) digital library database search, and screening relevant article reference and citation lists.

Articles examining a single-specific telehealth application, proving evidence of post-use value by one or more stakeholder groups were selected.

Two independent reviewers used standardised methods to search, screen and code included studies. Information was recorded related to telehealth type, stakeholders, reported perceived value from the articles and codes were developed successively from specific perceived outcomes.

140 articles were included in the review. The selected studies assessed various types of telehealth applications with a balanced representation of the types of care, telehealth modality and service. The stakeholders were patients and/or healthcare providers; the majority (82.85%) focusing on patients’ view. The reported perceived value outcomes were diverse and categorised into six themes: access to care, care effectiveness and efficiency, quality of care, affective outcomes and human capital. None of the studies reported all these value dimensions and there wasn’t a single value dimension reported by all studies.

The review demonstrates the diversity and fragmentation in perceived value of telehealth. Within each theme, there were variances in how different stakeholders defined their meaning. These insights highlight the multi-dimensional and context-specific nature of perceived value. This comprehensive view of value can inform the design of telehealth programmes to motivate the engagement of all stakeholders.

Flexible bronchoscopy (FB) is widely used for diagnostic and therapeutic procedures in pulmonary medicine. However, FB can cause respiratory and haemodynamic complications, especially in patients with pre-existing lung and/or cardiovascular comorbidities. Despite the range of oxygenation and ventilatory approaches available to prevent these risks, evidence regarding their real-world application and clinical impact is limited. The OxyFOB study aims to assess the prevalence and outcomes of various oxygenation and ventilatory support strategies used during FB across Europe.

The OxyFOB study is a large, prospective, international, observational cohort study which aims to involve over 10 000 FB procedures across European centres. Eligible participants include all adults undergoing FB for diagnostic, therapeutic or procedural indications. Data are collected via a standardised electronic case report form and encompass demographic information, procedural details and clinical outcomes. The primary endpoint is the prevalence of oxygenation and ventilatory support strategies: conventional oxygen therapy, high-flow oxygen therapy, continuous positive airway pressure, non-invasive ventilation and invasive mechanical ventilation. Secondary outcomes include periprocedural respiratory and haemodynamic events, patient comfort, dyspnoea and postprocedural complications. Statistical analyses include descriptive statistics, subgroup comparisons and multivariate logistic regression.

The study has received ethical approval from the coordinating centre (protocol n. 22/2022 on the 20 January 2022, by the ‘Comitato Etico Sezione Area Centro - Regione Calabria’) and all participating sites. Informed consent is given from all patients or their legal representatives. Findings will be disseminated through peer-reviewed publications and presentations at international meetings. Data will be managed and made available on reasonable request to support further research.

ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT05681962. Registered January 2023.