Anaemia is highly prevalent among the indigenous population globally. Several interventions have been used to prevent and manage nutritional anaemia, including dietary measures, health education, oral iron supplements, food fortification and intravenous iron therapy. This protocol describes a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the effectiveness of interventions for the prevention and treatment of nutritional anaemia in indigenous populations worldwide.

The review will include randomised controlled trials, quasi-experimental studies and observational studies evaluating interventions, including but not limited to iron and folic acid supplementation, dietary modifications, food fortification, deworming and health education. A robust search strategy will be developed, and six electronic bibliographic databases and Google Scholar will be searched from 2000 to 2025. Two reviewers will independently screen the identified studies, extract data, conduct a critical appraisal and evaluate quality using the Joanna Briggs Institute tool. Based on the level of heterogeneity, a meta-analysis will be conducted using either a fixed-effect or random-effects model, with pooled estimates, and 95% CIs. The I² statistic will be used to evaluate heterogeneity. When meta-analysis is not feasible, narrative synthesis will be conducted. The impact of the intervention type and delivery model will be investigated using subgroup analysis.

This systematic review has been registered with PROSPERO. Ethical approval is not required as the study does not collect primary data from participants. The findings will be communicated via peer-reviewed journal articles and presentations at national and international conferences.

CRD420251120554.

Understanding contextual drivers of family planning is crucial for designing effective, context-specific policies and programmes. This study aimed to assess (1) the extent to which province-level contextual factors are associated with both coverage and wealth-related inequalities in demand for family planning satisfied by modern methods (mDFPS) across provinces in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), and (2) whether these factors influence mDFPS at women’s level.

Observational study using multilevel modelling at both ecological and individual levels.

We analysed data from Demographic and Health Surveys between 2011 and 2022 in 46 LMICs.

Ecological analysis included 621 provinces. Individual-level analysis included 302 493 women aged 15–49 years, currently married or in union, and in need of contraception (unweighted).

Demand for family planning satisfied by modern methods (mDFPS) and wealth-related inequalities in mDFPS, assessed using the slope index of inequality (SII) and the concentration index (CIX).

In both income groups, at the province level, higher mean women’s schooling and greater proportion of employed women were positively associated with mDFPS coverage. In contrast, higher male-to-female educational attainment ratios were inversely associated with mDFPS. Provinces with higher means of women’s schooling also showed lower wealth-related inequalities in mDFPS. At the individual level, women residing in provinces with higher male-to-female educational attainment ratios were found to have lower odds of mDFPS, regardless of the income group. Additionally, the factors influencing individual women’s mDFPS varied depending on the income level of the country’s provinces.

Women’s empowerment and gender equality in education at the province level significantly influence family planning outcomes. Targeted interventions that address each region’s specific educational, economic and demographic contexts are crucial for improving coverage and reducing disparities in family planning services.

Neurogranin (Ng) has a role in synaptic plasticity and is considered a biomarker of synaptic dysfunction, a process hypothesised to be important in delirium. Few studies examining Ng in delirium exist, with mixed findings. This study aimed to investigate associations between cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) Ng concentrations and delirium in acutely admitted hip fracture patients.

Cross-sectional study.

Acutely admitted orthopaedic patients with hip fracture recruited from four participating hospitals in eastern Norway, representing secondary and tertiary care settings.

This study included 392 hip fracture patients. All admitted hip fracture patients operated in spinal anaesthesia were, regardless of age, considered for inclusion.

An in-house ELISA was used to measure CSF Ng concentration in patients acutely admitted with a hip fracture (n=392). Delirium status was evaluated daily according to The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Editions criteria independently by two experienced geriatricians. A value > 3.44 on The Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline in the Elderly was used as a surrogate marker of probable dementia.

180 patients (46 %) developed delirium and 70% of these had dementia. CSF Ng concentration did not differ significantly between those with and without delirium (176 pg/mL vs 164 pg/mL), with an estimated difference in medians of 12 (95% CI –5.8 to 29.8), p=0.185. Analyses adjusted for age, gender and dementia status did not show a statistically significant difference in Ng concentrations between the patients.

We did not find an association between delirium and CSF concentrations of Ng. This could imply that synaptic dysfunction and degeneration, involving Ng, are not key processes in the development of delirium. Further studies on other synaptic proteins are warranted to better explore synaptic dysfunction’s potential role in the pathophysiology of delirium.