Machine learning (ML) has emerged as a powerful tool for uncovering patterns and generating new information. In cardiology, it has shown promising results in predictive outcomes risk assessment of heart failure (HF) patients, a chronic condition affecting over 64 million individuals globally.

This scoping review aims to synthesise the evidence on ML methods, applications and economic analysis to predict the HF hospitalisation risk.

This scoping review will use the approach described by Arksey and O’Malley. This protocol will use the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) Protocol, and the PRISMA extension for scoping reviews will be used to present the results. PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science are the databases that will be searched. Two reviewers will independently screen the full-text studies for inclusion and extract the data. All the studies focusing on ML models to predict the risk of hospitalisation from HF adult patients will be included.

Ethical approval is not required for this review. The dissemination strategy includes peer-reviewed publications, conference presentations and dissemination to relevant stakeholders.

The benefits of breast feeding may be associated with better formation of eating habits beyond childhood. This study was designed to verify the association between breast feeding and food consumption according to the degree of processing in four Brazilian birth cohorts.

The duration of exclusive, predominant and total breast feeding was evaluated. The analysis of the energy contribution of fresh or minimally processed foods (FMPF) and ultra-processed foods (UPF) in the diet was evaluated during childhood (13–36 months), adolescence (11–18 years) and adulthood (22, 23 and 30 years).

Those who were predominantly breastfed for less than 4 months had a higher UPF consumption (β 3.14, 95% CI 0.82 to 5.47) and a lower FMPF consumption (β –3.47, 95% CI –5.91 to –1.02) at age 22 years in the 1993 cohort. Exclusive breast feeding (EBF) for less than 6 months was associated with increased UPF consumption (β 1.75, 95% CI 0.25 to 3.24) and reduced FMPF consumption (β –1.49, 95% CI –2.93 to –0.04) at age 11 years in the 2004 cohort. In this same cohort, total breast feeding for less than 12 months was associated with increased UPF consumption (β 1.12, 95% CI 0.24 to 2.19) and decreased FMPF consumption (β –1.13, 95% CI –2 .07 to –0.19). Children who did not receive EBF for 6 months showed an increase in the energy contribution of UPF (β 2.36, 95% CI 0.53 to 4.18) and a decrease in FMPF (β –2.33, 95% CI –4 .19 to –0.48) in the diet at 13–36 months in the 2010 cohort. In this cohort, children who were breastfed for less than 12 months in total had higher UPF consumption (β 2.16, 95% CI 0.81 to 3.51) and lower FMPF consumption (β –1.79, 95% CI –3.09 to –0.48).

Exposure to breast feeding is associated with lower UPF consumption and higher FMPF consumption in childhood, adolescence and adulthood.