To systematically identify and synthesise dengue management strategies, levels of implementation, management dimensions, key challenges and proposed solutions across health systems worldwide.

A scoping review following the Arksey and O’Malley framework and reported in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews guidelines.

PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase and the Cochrane Library were searched for studies published between January 2003 and December 2024. Reference lists of included studies were also manually screened.

English-language, peer-reviewed articles and reviews focusing on dengue management strategies, challenges and solutions at any health system level were included. Studies without full-text access or outside the scope of dengue management were excluded.

Two reviewers independently screened studies and extracted data using a structured form. Extracted data were charted and synthesised using an inductive thematic approach to identify core strategy domains, implementation levels, challenges and solutions.

Of 4822 records identified, 34 studies met the eligibility criteria. Dengue management strategies were categorised into six domains: vector and environmental control; surveillance and early warning systems; vaccination; enhancement of diagnostic and treatment services; community participation and education; and governance with intersectoral coordination. Implementation occurred at community, municipal, national, regional and international levels. Key challenges were grouped into five domains: structural and resource-related; sociocultural; governance and policy; scientific and technological; and climate- and urbanisation-related factors.

Global dengue management is increasingly adopting integrated, multi-sectoral approaches. Effective dengue control requires strengthening health system infrastructure, institutionalising community engagement and leveraging scientific and technological innovations. Sustained political commitment, stable financing mechanisms and coordinated governance across sectors are essential for resilient and sustainable dengue control.

To design and validate a comprehensive, expert-informed national framework to prevent and control fraud and misconduct in Iran’s health system. Fraud in this context refers to practices such as false claims, overbilling, unnecessary prescriptions, informal payments and beneficiary manipulation, which undermine efficiency and trust.

A sequential mixed-methods study, including an exploratory qualitative phase followed by a two-round Delphi consensus process.

National-level study across multiple sectors of Iran’s health system, including insurance, governance and health policy institutions.

In the qualitative phase, 12 experts (senior managers, auditors and policymakers) were interviewed, achieving data saturation. In the Delphi phase, 31 experts participated in Round 1 and 27 completed Round 2. All had ≥5 years of relevant experience in health management, fraud detection or policy-making.

Framework analysis of interviews identified six strategic categories: cultural, educational, legal, technological, insurance-related and structural interventions. These were validated and prioritised through the Delphi process. High consensus (≥75%) was achieved for most items, with unanimous agreement on legal clarity, enforceable sanctions and electronic identity verification. The final framework comprised three overarching domains—capacity building, strengthening oversight systems and modernisation of operational infrastructure—operationalised through six strategic pillars.

This study proposes a validated and context-specific anti-fraud framework tailored to Iran’s health system. By combining qualitative exploration with structured consensus, the framework offers practical strategies for enhancing transparency, accountability and resilience. It may also serve as a model for other low- and middle-income countries facing similar governance challenges.

Not applicable.