Conectar
by Rundase Gebeyehu, Seifu Gizaw, Desta Amensisa, Tadesse Bekele, Belay Merkeb, Fedasan Alemu, Gadisa Cewaka
BackgroundHuman papillomavirus is a deoxyribonucleic acid virus transmitted primarily sexually. Infection with high-risk human papillomavirus is recognized as the key cause of cervical cancer that is leftover as a public health problem globally. Human immunodeficiency virus infected women of a reproductive age who are on antiretroviral therapy are at higher risk due to debilitated immunity. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the prevalence of high-risk human papillomavirus and associated factors.
MethodsAn institutional-based cross-sectional study that included 317 HIV-infected women of a reproductive age group attending antiretroviral therapy was conducted in Nekemte town employing a systematic random sampling technique. A structured questionnaire and record reviews were used to gather the data. Cervical specimens were collected from June to August 2024 and tested at Nekemte Public Health Research and Referral Laboratory using the “Abbott real-time high-risk HPV DNA assay”. The collected data were entered into Epi-data version 3.1 and exported to the Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 26 for analysis. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the data, and logistic regression analyses were performed to identify the determinants. The odds ratio with a 95% confidence interval was computed to assess the presence and degree of association. Following multivariable model fitting, variables with a p-value < 0.05 after adjustment for multiple testing were considered statistically significant.
ResultsThe prevalence of high-risk human papillomavirus was 32.2% [95% CI: 27.1–37.6%], while a single genotype infection with HR-HPV-16, HR-HPV-18 and other HR-HPV accounted for 12.75%, 8.82% and 62.7% respectively. On a multivariate logistic regression, having sex before 18 years (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] =3.54, 95%CI: 1.87–6.69), multiple lifetime sex partners (AOR = 3.69, 95%CI: 1.96–6.96), and a history of sexually transmitted infection (AOR = 3.81, 95%CI: 1.93–7.51) were associated with higher odds of infection. Conversely, a longer duration on antiretroviral therapy was associated with lower odds of infection (AOR = 0.18, 95%CI: 0.06–0.54).
Conclusion and recommendationThe prevalence was high in the study area. Having multiple sex partners, early sexual debut, history of sexually transmitted infections, and shorter duration on antiretroviral therapy were determinants demanding inclusive intervention efforts. Health authorities hence, need to reinforce routine human papillomavirus screening and health education for human immunodeficiency virus infected women of a reproductive age who are on antiretroviral therapy.
To describe the prevalence and spatial distribution of anaemia among children aged 6–59 months in Madagascar and to explore individual-level and community-level correlates using data from the 2021 Madagascar Demographic and Health Survey.
A population-based cross-sectional study using secondary data from the 2021 Madagascar Demographic and Health Survey. Spatial statistical methods were used to assess geographic clustering and hotspot areas of anaemia.
The study was conducted across community and household levels throughout Madagascar, covering both rural and urban populations within the primary and secondary healthcare delivery contexts.
A weighted sample of 10 683 children aged 6–59 months was included. Sampling followed demographic health survey procedures, and only children with complete haemoglobin data were analysed.
No interventions were applied.
The primary outcome was anaemia, defined as haemoglobin
The overall point prevalence of anaemia was 47% (95% CI 45.60 to 48.36), showing significant spatial clustering (Global Moran’s I=0.136, p
Anaemia among Malagasy children remains a major public health concern and shows clear geographic variation. The findings describe important differences in prevalence across regions and population subgroups, providing useful evidence for public health planning and for generating hypotheses for future analytical research.
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