In-hospital cardiac arrest (IHCA) is associated with high mortality and serious neurological sequelae. Although medical alert systems have evolved, the ability of these systems to influence changes in IHCA incidence and aetiology remains limited.

Retrospective observational cohort study.

A single tertiary hospital in South Korea, covering tertiary care levels.

A total of 1994 adult patients (≥18 years) who experienced 2121 episodes of IHCA between January 2011 and December 2019. Patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, those aged ≤18 years and those with do-not-resuscitate orders were excluded. The mean age of patients was 63.0 years (SD, 14.6); 64.1% were male.

Not applicable.

The incidence and temporal trends of IHCA were stratified by aetiology (cardiac vs non-cardiac). Additional analyses examined changes in arrhythmic versus non-arrhythmic causes over time using Poisson regression.

Cardiac arrhythmia was the most common cause of IHCA (314 of 2121, 14.8%; incidence: 0.42/1000 admissions), including ventricular tachycardia (n=86), ventricular fibrillation (n=87) and Torsades de Pointes (n=79). Respiratory failure was the second most common cause (266 of 2121, 12.5%; incidence: 0.36/1000 admissions). The incidence of IHCA due to respiratory failure in 2011 was 0.63/1000 admissions, which decreased to 0.20/1000 admissions by 2019 (β=0.883, 95% CI 0.842 to 0.926, p for trend 0.007; Poisson p

IHCA causes have shown significant temporal shifts. Arrhythmia has become the leading cause of IHCA, with incidences remaining stable, whereas a marked decrease has been observed in respiratory-related IHCA. Therefore, enhanced in-hospital cardiac monitoring systems are required for early detection.

Cancer remains a major public health concern worldwide. Patient navigation, developed in the 1990s to address disparities in cancer outcomes, aims to guide patients through the complex healthcare system and improve access to timely, quality care. Despite its proven benefits, little is known about the implementation or impact of patient navigation programmes in African settings.

This scoping review aims to map the current evidence on components, procedures, outcomes and impact, as well as barriers and challenges to implementation of patient navigation programmes in cancer care across Africa.

This scoping review will follow Arksey and O’Malley’s scoping review framework, as further developed by Levac et al. A systematic search will be conducted across PubMed, African Journals Online and Google Scholar to identify relevant studies published from database inception to the date of the final search, using a combination of relevant keywords and MeSH terms. Eligible studies must be reported in English, have been carried out in Africa, involved patients diagnosed with cancer or navigating the cancer care continuum, and report on the description, implementation or evaluation of patient navigation programmes. Screening will be managed with Rayyan and carried out through a two-stage process: screening by titles and abstracts, then by full-text screening based on the prespecified inclusion and exclusion criteria. Data will be extracted into a structured Excel spreadsheet and synthesised using qualitative content analysis to identify programme characteristics, outcomes, barriers and implementation challenges.

This scoping review does not require ethical approval. Our findings will be published in a peer-reviewed, open-access journal on completion.

Frailty in people living with HIV is a critical concern due to its significant impact on health, functional capacity and overall quality of life. This scoping review aims to synthesise comprehensive information on frailty in this population, establish foundational evidence and identify research gaps, with particular emphasis on the need for interventions targeting multidimensional frailty among community-dwelling people living with HIV.

This scoping review adheres to the Joanna Briggs Institute guidelines and the framework developed by Arksey and O’Malley. The research questions will focus on frailty among community-dwelling people living with HIV. The literature search will encompass four databases: MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL and the Cochrane Library, covering studies published from 1 January 2001 to 30 June 2025. Only peer-reviewed articles published in English will be included. Both quantitative and qualitative studies will be considered. The inclusion criteria will be guided by the population-conceptual-context (PCC) framework. The findings will be reported in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews checklist.

Ethical approval is not required as this study involves an analysis of previously published literature. The findings will inform the development of interventions for frailty in people living with HIV and will be disseminated through academic conferences, peer-reviewed publications and expert seminars.