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The process of wound healing in the dental pulp is characterized by intricate interplay of signalling cascades, cellular responses, and extracellular matrix (ECM). The objective of this research was to examine the intricate interaction between signalling cascades, cellular responses, and extracellular matrix (ECM) dynamics that comprise the wound healing process of dental pulp. We conducted a controlled laboratory analysis of transcriptomic landscape of dental pulp tissues, including both healthy and inflamed samples, utilizing single-cell RNA sequencing. We identified significant change in cellular composition under carious conditions by analysing samples from 50 patients. Specifically, the proportion of immune cells increased from 25% to 40%, while the proportion of fibroblasts decreased from 20% to 10%. A transition towards ECM remodelling and fibrosis was indicated by this change. In addition, substantial increase inexpression of critical genes including COL1A1, FN1, IL-1B, IL-6 and TNC was detected, indicating that the extracellular matrix (ECM) was actively remodelled and that a robust inflammatory response was present, both of which are vital for tissue repair. Increased cell–cell interactions among B cells, plasma cells, macrophages and MSCs, and fibroblasts were highlighted in our study, demonstrating the intricate cellular dynamics that occur in response to dental pulp injury. The knowledge gained regarding the cellular and molecular processes underlying pulp wound healing contributed to the advancement of knowledge regarding pulp pathology and regeneration. Moreover, it established a foundation for creation of targeted therapeutic interventions that seek to maximize pulp repair and regeneration. This study represented noteworthy achievement in the field of dental surgery, establishing a solid groundwork for subsequent investigations into regenerative medicine, wound healing, and dental tissue restoration.
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