To explore the correlation between prescribing rate of medications and hospital admissions related to medications administration errors in England and Wales during the time from 1999 to 2020.

An ecological study.

A population-based study using hospital admission data that are publicly available in the UK. Data in this study were extracted from the Hospital Episode Statistics database in England and the Patient Episode Database in Wales from Wales. The Prescription Cost Analysis database was used to extract the prescription data.

Patients who were hospitalised all National Health Service (NHS) trusts and any independent sector funded by NHS trusts.

Hospitalisation rates related to medication administration errors and its associated prescriptions.

The annual rate of hospital admissions related to medication administration errors increased by 32.0% (from 184.21 (95% CI 183.0 to 185.4) in 1999 to 243.18 (95% CI 241.9 to 244.4) in 2020 per 100 000 persons. The most common three indications of hospital admissions were T39 (non-opioid analgesics, antipyretics and antirheumatics), T43 (psychotropic drugs), T42 (antiepileptic, sedative-hypnotic and antiparkinsonism drugs). The age group 15–59 years had the highest number of hospital admissions (83.4%). Women contributed to 59.1% of the total number of hospital admissions. Admission rate among men increased by 16.7%. Among women, the admission rate increased by 44.6%.

Admission rates due to medication administration errors increased markedly in the past decade. This increase was correlated with an increase in the prescription rate of several therapeutic classes. Patients taking non-opioid analgesics, antipyretics and antirheumatics, psychiatric medications, antiepileptic, sedative-hypnotic and antiparkinsonism drugs should have their recommended (and administered) doses closely monitored. They should be followed up on a regular basis to ensure that they are taking their medications as prescribed.

Heart failure (HF) is a global health issue affecting millions of people worldwide. Cognitive frailty, a syndrome characterised by physical frailty and cognitive impairment without dementia, is increasingly recognised in this population. Cognitive frailty is associated with worse outcomes, including increased hospitalisation, disability and mortality. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to investigate the incidence, prevalence and predictors of cognitive frailty in HF patients.

A systematic search will be conducted in MEDLINE/PubMed, EMBASE/Ovid, Web of Science and Google Scholar from inception to the latest search date. Eligible studies will report original data on adult patients (age ≥18 years) with HF, focusing on the incidence, prevalence and predictors of cognitive frailty. Two investigators will independently extract data and assess study quality using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale and mixed-methods appraisal tool. Meta-analyses and meta-regression will be performed to estimate the pooled prevalence of cognitive frailty in HF patients and to identify predictors associated with increased risk, respectively. Subgroup analyses will be conducted to explore potential sources of heterogeneity.

This systematic review does not require ethical approval and informed consent, as it does not use identifiable patient data. The results of this study will be submitted for publication in a peer-reviewed medical journal. This comprehensive meta-analysis of the literature on cognitive frailty among HF patients will inform tailored interventions and management strategies, ultimately improving patients’ quality of life and outcomes.