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Generative artificial intelligence (AI) tools are rapidly transforming case-based learning (CBL) within medical education. Despite growing interest, the literature is heterogeneous, fragmented and inconsistent in terminology and methodology. This scoping review aims to systematically map and synthesise evidence on the integration of generative AI in CBL, identifying key themes, educational outcomes, challenges and research gaps to guide future investigations, curricular innovation and policy development.
A comprehensive search strategy, developed with a health sciences librarian, will be implemented across multidisciplinary databases, including PubMed/MEDLINE, ERIC, Scopus, Web of Science, EMBASE and CINAHL, covering publications from 2019 to 2025. Two independent reviewers will conduct title/abstract and full-text screening using predefined eligibility criteria. Data extraction will use standardised charting forms capturing study characteristics, AI applications, educational contexts, outcomes and user perceptions. Data synthesis will involve descriptive statistics and inductive thematic analysis to create an evidence map of generative AI-supported CBL in medical education.
No ethics approval is required, as the review synthesises published literature. Findings will be disseminated through peer-reviewed journals, conferences and stakeholder networks to inform educators, researchers and policymakers.
To explore the perspectives of Kazakhstani healthcare professionals on environmental sustainability in healthcare.
An exploratory qualitative design.
Four focus group discussions (FGDs) on environmental sustainability in healthcare were conducted among healthcare professionals (nurses, physicians, midwives and physical therapists) from June to August 2023 in three cities of Kazakhstan. Each FGD consisted of at least 6 to 11 participants and lasted between 60 and 90 minutes. The collected data were analysed using the thematic analysis.
A total of 137 initial codes were identified and further organized into 22 sub-themes based on similarities in codes and meanings, and then 5 significant themes were identified. The five main themes are ‘Environmental Sustainability Practices in Healthcare’, ‘Purposes of Environmental Sustainability in Healthcare’, ‘Impact of Environmental Sustainability in Healthcare in Patients’, ‘Challenges in Implementing Environmental Sustainability in Healthcare’ and ‘The Role of Healthcare Leadership in Improving Environmental Sustainability in Healthcare’.
The findings highlighted the perceptions and practices of healthcare professionals on environmental sustainability's purposes in healthcare, its impacts on patients and its implementation challenges. The study also underscored the critical role of strong and active leadership in ensuring a sustainable implementation of green policies in healthcare facilities and achieving successful results of environmentally conscious healthcare practices.
The findings provide invaluable information that can be used by policymakers and healthcare organization leaders to create a sustainable healthcare system. Implementing environmental sustainability practices in healthcare should be widespread, intentional, and sustainable, entailing strong leadership and unwavering personal and organizational commitment.
No patient or public contribution.
We adhered to relevant EQUATOR guidelines, specifically the Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Research.
Introducción. La punción arterial para el análisis gasométrico provoca dolor de intensidad variable. Este dolor podría alterar la dinámica ventilatoria y, por tanto, los parámetros respiratorios de la muestra sanguínea. Objetivos. Determinar la posible relación entre el dolor inducido por la punción arterial y los parámetros obtenidos del análisis gasométrico de estas muestras de sangre. Como objetivos secundarios, obtener la prevalencia del dolor provocado en la muestra estudiada y la posible asociación con el número de intentos. Metodología. Estudio transversal que incluyó 100 muestras arteriales de 61 pacientes durante el primer semestre de 2024. La intensidad del dolor, reportada mediante la escala NRS-11, fue la variable principal de estudio. Se analizó la asociación de esta variable con variables gasométricas (por ejemplo, pH, pO2, pCO2 y lactato) y con otras variables sociodemográficas y relacionadas con punción arterial. Resultados. La edad fue de 69,43 ± 13,07 y el 68% eran hombres. Respecto a la variable principal de resultado, la puntuación media del dolor fue de 4,03 ± 2,61. La intensidad del dolor no mostró asociación con ninguna variable gasométrica. Sin embargo, el número de intentos de obtener con éxito una muestra arterial mostró significación. Tras ajustar por otras variables, cada intento adicional aumentaba el dolor en 1,14 puntos. Discusión. No se encontró asociación entre el dolor de la punción arterial y los parámetros del análisis gasométrico, por lo que los resultados pueden interpretarse de forma robusta en situaciones en las que no es posible un manejo adecuado del dolor.
ABSTRACT
Introduction. Arterial puncture for gasometrical analysis causes pain of varying intensity. This pain could alter the ventilatory dynamics and therefore the respiratory parameters of the blood sample. Objectives. To determine the possible relationship between the pain induced by arterial puncture and the parameters obtained from the gasometrical analysis of these blood samples. As secondary objectives, to obtain the prevalence of pain caused in the sample studied and the possible association with the number of attempts. Methodology. Cross-sectional study involving 100 arterial samples from 61 patients during the first half of 2024. Pain intensity reported by the NRS-11 was the main study variable. The association of this variable with gasometrical variables (for example: pH, pO2, pCO2, lactate) and with other variables of different nature (sociodemographic and related to the arterial puncture itself) was analyzed. Results. The age was 69,43 ± 13,07 and 68% were men. Regarding the main outcome variable, the mean pain score was 4.03 ± 2.61. Pain intensity showed no association with any of the gasometric variables. However, the number of attempts to successfully obtain an arterial sample showed significance. After adjustment for other variables, each additional attempt increased pain by 1.14 points. Discussion. No association was found between arterial puncture pain and gasometric analysis parameters, so the results can be robustly interpreted in situations where adequate pain management is not possible.
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