To assess the prevalence and associated factors of neurocognitive disorder among people living with HIV/AIDS in South Gondar primary hospitals, North-West Ethiopia, 2023.

Institution-based cross-sectional study design.

South Gondar primary hospitals, North-West Ethiopia.

608 participants were recruited using the systematic random sampling technique.

Data were collected using an interviewer-administered questionnaire and medical chart reviews. The International HIV Dementia Scale was used to screen for neurocognitive disorder. The data were entered through EPI-DATA V.4.6 and exported to SPSS V.21 statistical software for analysis. In the bivariable logistic regression analyses, variables with a value of p

The prevalence of neurocognitive disorder among HIV-positive participants was 39.1%. In multivariable logistic regression, lower level of education (adjusted OR (AOR)=2.94; 95% CI 1.29 to 6.82), unemployment (AOR=2.74; 95% CI 1.29 to 6.84) and comorbid medical illness (AOR=1.80; 95% CI 1.03 to 3.14) were significantly associated with neurocognitive disorder.

HIV-associated neurocognitive problems affected over a third of the participants. According to the current study, comorbid medical conditions, unemployment and low educational attainment are associated with an increased risk of neurocognitive disorder. Therefore, early detection and treatment are essential.

To identify the determinants of the unmet need for modern contraceptives in Ethiopia.

Community-based cross-sectional study.

Ethiopia.

A group of 6636 women of reproductive age (15–49 years) who were sexually active were included in the study.

Unmet need for modern contraceptives

The study used data from the 2019 Performance Monitoring for Action-Ethiopia survey, which was community-based and cross-sectional. The sample consisted of women aged 15–49 from households randomly selected to be nationally representative. Multinomial logistic regression and spatial analysis were performed to determine the factors influencing unmet needs for modern contraceptives. The descriptive analysis incorporated svy commands to account for clustering.

The proportion of unmet need for modern contraceptives was 19.7% (95% CI: 18% to 21.5%). Women with supportive norms towards family planning had a lower risk of unmet need for spacing (relative risk ratio (RRR)=0.92, 95% CI: 0.86 to 0.99). Older age lowered the risk of unmet need for spacing 40–44 (RRR=0.28, 95% CI: 0.13 to 0.59) and 45–49 (RRR=0.11, 95% CI: 0.04 to 0.31). Being married increased the unmet need for spacing (RRR=1.9, 95% CI: 1.36 to 2.7) and limiting (RRR=3.7, 95% CI: 1.86 to 7.4). Increasing parity increases the risk of unmet need for spacing (RRR=1.27, 95% CI: 1.16 to 1.38) and limiting (RRR=1.26, 95% CI: 1.15 to 1.4). Contrarily, older age increased the risk of unmet need for limiting 40–44 (RRR=10.2, 95% CI: 1.29 to 79.5), 45–49 (RRR=8.4, 95% CI: 1.03 to 67.4). A clustered spatial unmet need for modern contraceptives was observed (Global Moran’s I=0.715: Z-Score=3.8496, p

High levels of unmet need for modern contraceptives were observed in Ethiopia, showing geographical variations. It is essential to address the key factors affecting women and work towards reducing disparities in modern contraceptive unmet needs among different regions.

Inadequate counselling of pregnant women regarding pregnancy danger signs contributes to a delay in deciding to seek care, which causes up to 77% of all maternal deaths in developing countries. However, its spatial variation and region-specific predictors have not been studied in Ethiopia. Hence, the current study aimed to model its predictors using geographically weighted regression analysis.

The 2019 Ethiopian Mini Demographic and Health Survey data were used. A total weighted sample of 2922 women from 283 clusters was included in the final analysis. The analysis was performed using ArcGIS Pro, STATA V.14.2 and SaTScan V.10.1 software. The spatial variation of inadequate counselling was examined using hotspot analysis. Ordinary least squares regression was used to identify factors for geographical variations. Geographically weighted regression was used to explore the spatial heterogeneity of selected variables to predict inadequate counselling.

Significant hotspots of inadequate counselling regarding pregnancy danger signs were found in Gambella region, the border between Amhara and Afar regions, Somali region and parts of Oromia region. Antenatal care provided by health extension workers, late first antenatal care initiation and antenatal care follow-up at health centres were spatially varying predictors. The geographically weighted regression model explained about 66% of the variation in the model.

Inadequate counselling service regarding pregnancy danger signs in Ethiopia varies across regions and there exists within country inequality in the service provision and utilisation. Prioritisation and extra efforts should be made by concerned actors for those underprivileged areas and communities (as shown in the maps), and health extension workers, as they are found in the study.