Effectiveness of educational interventions in reducing the stigma of healthcare professionals and healthcare students towards mental illness: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

Abstract

Aim

To examine the effectiveness of educational interventions in reducing stigma among healthcare professionals and students towards people with mental illness.

Design

A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and cluster RCTs.

Data Sources

Articles published from database inception to October 2023 were systematically searched from seven databases (CINAHL, Embase, ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global, PsycINFO, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science), following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines.

Methods

Random-effect meta-analyses were conducted. Heterogeneity was evaluated using the I ² statistics and Cochran's Q chi-squared test. A quality appraisal conducted at the study level used the Cochrane risk of bias tool and an outcome-level quality assessment utilized the Grades of Recommendation, Assessment, Development and Evaluation Approach. Publication bias was assessed using the funnel plot.

Results

Twenty-five articles were included in this review. Meta-analysis reported statistically significant medium and small effect sizes for attitudes towards mental illness and attitudes towards people with mental illness respectively, showing the association between educational interventions and improved attitudes among healthcare professionals and students. However, a statistically non-significant effect was reported for knowledge of mental illness. Subgroup analyses indicated that face-to-face and contact-based interventions were particularly effective at reducing stigma. Notably, single-session interventions were just as effective as multiple sessions, suggesting a potential for resource-efficient approaches.

Conclusion

Educational interventions demonstrate promise in fostering more positive attitudes towards mental health issues. Future research should aim to determine the long-term effects of these interventions and include patient feedback on the stigmatizing behaviours of healthcare professionals and students, to holistically evaluate the effect of interventions.

No Patient or Public Contribution

This study is a secondary review and does not require relevant contributions from patients or the public.

What Does this Paper Contribute to the Wider Global Clinical Community?

Face-to-face contact-based educational sessions have proven to be the most effective. Reinforcing learning may be achieved through a series of repeated single-session interventions.