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To develop a comparative meta-theory of nine caring theories by explicating their assumptions, operative mechanisms and consequences for nursing.
Qualitative meta-theoretical document analysis.
Canonical texts were analysed using an intra-source strategy. Paginated statements were extracted and coded across assumptions, metaparadigm anchors (person, health, environment, nursing and care) and mechanisms linking caring intention to clinical action. Synthesis produced a typology and meta-theoretical propositions.
Caring functioned as a generative principle that reorganised person, health, environment and nursing and care into distinct practice architectures. Six mechanism-based subfamilies were identified: transpersonal caritas; phenomenological and embodied clinical wisdom; ethical and relational caring; cultural and contextual caring; systemic and organisational caring; and operationalisable caring. Ten propositions linked assumptions to mechanisms and expected effects.
The caring school is best understood as an ordered set of non-equivalent caring mechanisms rather than a single doctrine, supporting translation to practice design, education and congruent evaluation.
Mechanism-based comparison can reduce conceptual ambiguity and improve alignment between caring interventions and intended outcomes.
This study addresses the under-specification of how caring theories work. It provides a comparative typology and propositions that make mechanisms explicit, informing nursing education, theory development and caring-based practice in diverse settings.
No EQUATOR reporting checklist is available for meta-theoretical discursive analyses; the manuscript follows Journal of Advanced Nursing guidance for discursive papers.
This study did not include patient or public involvement in its design, conduct, or reporting.
Despite low sensitivity and implementation challenges, the tuberculin skin test (TST) remains the standard-of-care tuberculosis (TB) infection test in Mexico. Interferon gamma release assays (IGRA) may overcome TST-related challenges. Within the confines of the local programmatic setting, this cross-sectional study evaluated the prevalence of TB infection (TBI) and concordance of TST and IGRA in three high-risk populations in Mexicali, Baja California, Mexico.
Household contacts (HHC) of individuals with TB, people who use drugs (PWUD), people deprived of liberty (PDL) and prison employees underwent evaluation for TBI using TST and QIAreach, a novel IGRA. Prevalence of infection, concordance of test results and reactivity trends of time-to-results (TTR) by TST-induration size were assessed.
In total, 214 of 411 (52.07%) people who had TST and 269 of 460 (58.48%) people who had IGRA tested positive for TBI. Frequency of infection varied across risk groups (HHC 29 (29.6%); PWUD 67 (70.53%); PDL 111 (56.06%) and prison employees 7 (35.0%), p20 mm, p=0.05).
All risk groups had a high frequency of TBI, necessitating locally tailored guidelines for screening, treatment and management of TBI to optimise care for vulnerable populations.
Objetivo principal: Describir el significado del cuidado humanizado de enfermeras hacia el adulto mayor en asilos. Metodología: Estudio cualitativo, descriptivo realizado con enfermeras de tres asilos de Guanajuato de agosto a octubre de 2021. Selección de participantes por disponibilidad y voluntariedad (n= 9), se realizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas telefónicas, análisis de datos con análisis de contenido temático, cuidando los principios éticos con consentimiento informado. Resultados principales: Emergieron cinco temas que construyen el cuidado humanizado: 1. Favorecer la plenitud física, emocional y espiritual, 2.Cuidar es recreación, 3.Acompañamiento en la soledad, 4.Brindar confianza, atención y disposición y 5.Cuidando en valores. Conclusión principal: El cuidado humanizado es hacer sentir al adulto mayor confianza, brindándole apoyo, respeto, atendiendo sus necesidades básicas, el cuidar de forma humanizada refleja un acto de acompañamiento en la última etapa de la vida donde se da el valor de ser humano.
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