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by Irene Boateng, Beth Stuart, Taeko Becque, Bruce Barrett, Jennifer Bostock, Robin Bruyndonckx, Lucy Carr-Knox, Emily J. Ciccone, Samuel Coenen, Mark Ebell, David Gillespie, Gail Hayward, Katarina Hedin, Kerenza Hood, Tin Man Mandy Lau, Paul Little, Dan Merenstein, Edgar Mulogo, Jose Ordóñez-Mena, Peter Muir, Kirsty Samuel, Nader Shaikh, Sharon Tonner, Alike W. van der Velden, Theo Verheij, Kay Wang, Alastair D. Hay, Nick Francis
BackgroundResistance to antibiotics is rising and threatens future antibiotic effectiveness. ‘Antibiotic targeting’ ensures patients who may benefit from antibiotics receive them, while being safely withheld from those who may not. Point-of-care tests may assist with antibiotic targeting by allowing primary care clinicians to establish if symptomatic patients have a viral, bacterial, combined, or no infection. However, because organisms can be harmlessly carried, it is important to know if the presence of the virus/bacteria is related to the illness for which the patient is being assessed. One way to do this is to look for associations with more severe/prolonged symptoms and test results. Previous research to answer this question for acute respiratory tract infections has given conflicting results with studies has not having enough participants to provide statistical confidence.
AimTo undertake a synthesis of IPD from both randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and observational cohort studies of respiratory tract infections (RTI) in order to investigate the prognostic value of microbiological data in addition to, or instead of, clinical symptoms and signs.
MethodsA systematic search of Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Ovid Medline and Ovid Embase will be carried out for studies of acute respiratory infection in primary care settings. The outcomes of interest are duration of disease, severity of disease, repeated consultation with new/worsening illness and complications requiring hospitalisation. Authors of eligible studies will be contacted to provide anonymised individual participant data. The data will be harmonised and aggregated. Multilevel regression analysis will be conducted to determine key outcome measures for different potential pathogens and whether these offer any additional information on prognosis beyond clinical symptoms and signs.
Trial registrationPROSPERO Registration number: CRD42023376769.
Psychosocial interventions have been shown to improve mood, relieve stress and improve quality of life for people living with dementia (PwD). To date, most evaluations of singing interventions have focused on the benefits for PwD and not their carers. This research aims to evaluate the benefits of dementia singing groups for both PwD and their carers.
This 2-year project will observe the impact of two different singing intervention services, one combining singing alongside dance and another that includes a sociable lunch. This project will aim to recruit a total of n=150 PwD and n=150 carers across the two singing interventions. Using a mixed-methods approach, the influence of both services will be analysed via the following outcome measures: quality of life, neuropsychiatric symptoms, social isolation, loneliness, cognition, carer burden and depressive symptoms in PwD and their carers using a prestudy/poststudy design. Regression models will be used to analyse the data with time (pre/post) as the exposure variable. Semistructured interviews will be conducted with a subset of people (n=40) to further investigate the impact of singing services with a specific focus on the acceptability of the interventions, barriers to access and prolonged engagement and potential for remote delivery. Interview data will be analysed using Braun and Clarke’s reflexive thematic analysis, and public advisers will assist with coding the transcripts. A social return on investment analysis will be conducted to determine the social impact of the services.
This project has received ethical approval from the University of Liverpool’s Ethics Committee (App ref: 12374) and Lancaster University’s Ethics Committee (App ref: 3442). All participants will provide informed consent to participate. Results will be presented at national and international conferences, published in scientific journals and publicly disseminated to key stakeholders.
This study aimed at evaluating refractive changes in German school-aged children before and after the COVID-19 pandemic.
Cross-sectional study.
414 eye care professional centres from Germany.
Refractive data from 59 926 German children aged 6–15 years were examined over a 7-year period (2015–2021).
Spherical equivalent refraction was assessed as a function of year, age and gender. The refractive values concerning 2020 and 2021 were compared with those assigned to prior years (2015–2019).
The refractive data associated with 2020 and 2021 showed a myopic refractive shift of approximately –0.20D compared with the 2015–2019 range. The refractive change was statistically considerable in the 6 to 11-year range (p
Disruption of normal lifestyle due to pandemic-related home confinement appears to lead to a myopic refractive shift in children aged 6–11 years in Germany. The greater effect observed at younger ages seems to emphasise the importance of refractive development in this age group.
The English National Health Service (NHS) Diabetic Eye Screening Programme (DESP) performs around 2.3 million eye screening appointments annually, generating approximately 13 million retinal images that are graded by humans for the presence or severity of diabetic retinopathy. Previous research has shown that automated retinal image analysis systems, including artificial intelligence (AI), can identify images with no disease from those with diabetic retinopathy as safely and effectively as human graders, and could significantly reduce the workload for human graders. Some algorithms can also determine the level of severity of the retinopathy with similar performance to humans. There is a need to examine perceptions and concerns surrounding AI-assisted eye-screening among people living with diabetes and NHS staff, if AI was to be introduced into the DESP, to identify factors that may influence acceptance of this technology.
People living with diabetes and staff from the North East London (NEL) NHS DESP were invited to participate in two respective focus groups to codesign two online surveys exploring their perceptions and concerns around the potential introduction of AI-assisted screening.
Focus group participants were representative of the local population in terms of ages and ethnicity. Participants’ feedback was taken into consideration to update surveys which were circulated for further feedback. Surveys will be piloted at the NEL DESP and followed by semistructured interviews to assess accessibility, usability and to validate the surveys.
Validated surveys will be distributed by other NHS DESP sites, and also via patient groups on social media, relevant charities and the British Association of Retinal Screeners. Post-survey evaluative interviews will be undertaken among those who consent to participate in further research.
Ethical approval has been obtained by the NHS Research Ethics Committee (IRAS ID: 316631). Survey results will be shared and discussed with focus groups to facilitate preparation of findings for publication and to inform codesign of outreach activities to address concerns and perceptions identified.
To explore the experiences of partnership nursing among nurses when caring for children and young people with long-term conditions, and their families.
Partnership nursing is promoted as a positive model of care among paediatric nurses, where shared roles and decision-making, parental participation, mutual trust and respect, communication and negotiation are valued to create positive care experiences and enhance patient outcomes. Little is known about how nurses use partnership with both the patient and the parents in this triad to deliver partnership nursing.
A qualitative systematic review followed Joanna Briggs Institute meta-aggregation approach and has been reported according to PRISMA guidelines.
A comprehensive systematic search was conducted in seven electronic databases. Studies were assessed according to a pre-determined inclusion criteria. Qualitative findings with illustrative participant quotes were extracted from included studies and grouped into categories to inform overall synthesised findings. Methodological quality assessment was conducted.
A total of 5837 publications were screened, and 41 qualitative studies were included. Three overarching synthesised findings were identified: (1) Using education to promote feelings of safety and support, (2) Partnering to develop a strong therapeutic relationship and (3) Optimising communication underpinned by shared decision-making principles to deliver individualised care.
Nurses demonstrated successful partnership in their practice, but focused on developing dyadic nurse–parent and dyadic nurse–child partnerships. Future practice development that creates a three-way triadic partnership may aid therapeutic relationships and shared decision-making.
Clinicians can reflect on how dyadic partnerships (focusing on the child or the parent) may exclude opportunities for coherent care. Further exploration in practice, policy and research as to how nurses determine child competency and child and parent level of engagement in triadic partnership may improve the potential of meaningful shared decision-making.
Nearly 30 000 Mexican women develop breast cancer annually, frequently presenting unmet supportive care needs. In high-income countries, incorporating electronic patient-reported outcomes (ePROs) into cancer care has demonstrated potential for increasing patient-centred care and reducing unmet needs. No such ePRO interventions have been implemented in Mexico. This paper presents the study protocol for designing and evaluating an ePRO digital health application combined with proactive follow-up by nurses.
We designed a two-component intervention for women receiving breast cancer treatment: a responsive web application for monitoring ePROs and clinical algorithms guiding proactive follow-up by nurses. We will conduct a pilot test of the intervention with 50 patients with breast cancer for 6 weeks to assess feasibility and adjust the application. We will conduct a parallel arm randomised controlled trial assigning 205 patients each to intervention and control in one of Mexico’s largest public oncology hospitals. The intervention will be provided for 6 months, with additional 3 months of post-intervention observation. The control group will receive usual healthcare and a list of breast cancer information sources. Women diagnosed with stages I, II or III breast cancer who initiate chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy will be invited to participate. The primary study outcome will be supportive care needs; secondary outcomes include global quality of life and breast symptoms. Information on the outcomes will be obtained through web-based self-administered questionnaires collected at baseline, 1, 3, 6 and 9 months.
The National Research and Ethics Committees of the Mexican Institute of Social Security approved the study (R-2021-785-059). Participants will sign an informed consent form prior to their inclusion. Findings will be disseminated through a policy brief to the local authorities, a webinar for patients, publications in peer-reviewed journals and presentations at national and international conferences.
An effective prebriefing strategy is needed that can improve the learning outcomes of nurses in advanced life support education. This study aimed to identify the effects of prebriefing with online team-based learning on hospital nurses' knowledge, performance, and self-efficacy in advanced life support education. A nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design was adopted. Nurses in the experimental group (n = 26) participated in prebriefing using online team-based learning followed by self-directed learning, whereas nurses in the control group (n = 27) experienced only self-directed learning before advanced life support education. Wilcoxon signed-ranks tests were used to identify the posttest-pretest differences of the study variables in each group. Both groups showed improved knowledge, individual performance, and self-efficacy after the education. Nurses in the experimental group reported higher self-efficacy scores compared with those in the control group. There were no differences between the experimental and control groups in knowledge, individual performances, or team performance. Online team-based learning as a prebriefing modality resulted in greater improvements in self-efficacy in advanced life support education. Geriatric Fracture Centers (GFCs) are dedicated treatment units where care is tailored towards elderly patients who have suffered fragility fractures. The primary objective of this economic analysis was to determine the cost-utility of GFCs compared with usual care centres.
The primary analysis was a cost-utility analysis that measured the cost per incremental quality-adjusted life-year gained from treatment of hip fracture in GFCs compared with treatment in usual care centres from the societal perspective over a 1-year time horizon. The secondary analysis was a cost-utility analysis from a societal perspective over a lifetime time horizon. We evaluated these outcomes using a cost-utility analysis using data from a large multicentre prospective cohort study comparing GFCs versus usual care centres that took place in Austria, Spain, the USA, the Netherlands, Thailand and Singapore.
GFCs may be cost-effective in the long term, while providing a more comprehensive care plan. Patients in usual care centre group were slightly older and had fewer comorbidities. For the 1-year analysis, the costs per patient were slightly lower in the GFC group (–$646.42), while the quality-adjusted life-years were higher in the usual care centre group (+0.034). The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio was $18 863.34 (US$/quality-adjusted life-year). The lifetime horizon analysis found that the costs per patient were lower in the GFC group (–$7210.35), while the quality-adjusted life-years were higher in the usual care centre group (+0.02). The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio was $320 678.77 (US$/quality-adjusted life-year).
This analysis found that GFCs were associated with lower costs compared with usual care centres. The cost-savings were greater when the lifetime time horizon was considered. This comprehensive cost-effectiveness analysis, using data from an international prospective cohort study, found that GFC may be cost-effective in the long term, while providing a more comprehensive care plan. A greater number of major adverse events were reported at GFC, nevertheless a lower mortality rate associated with these adverse events at GFC. Due to the minor utility benefits, which may be a result of greater adverse event detection within the GFC group and much greater costs of usual care centres, the GFC may be cost-effective due to the large cost-savings it demonstrated over the lifetime time horizon, while potentially identifying and treating adverse events more effectively. These findings suggest that the GFC may be a cost-effective option over the lifetime of a geriatric patient with hip fracture, although future research is needed to further validate these findings.
Economic, level 2.
Commentary on: Bansal N, Karlsen S, Sashidharan SP, Cohen R, Chew-Graham CA, Malpass A. Understanding ethnic inequalities in mental healthcare in the UK: A meta-ethnography. PLoS Med. 2022 Dec 13;1912:e1004139. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1004139.
Mental health service providers need to listen to the voices of ethnic minorities to offer services that align with their needs and experiences and reduce mental health disparities. Research should evaluate the effectiveness of alternative approaches to, and co-production of, biomedical mental healthcare for specific ethnic minority groups.
Mental health disparities are well documented in the UK, despite free access to healthcare. Individuals from minoritised ethnic groups are more likely than white British individuals to: suffer from undiagnosed and untreated mental illness; access healthcare via crisis pathways (and less likely to access via primary care); and receive a diagnosis of severe mental illness. This is costly...
To psychometrically assess the Spanish version of the Self-Care of Chronic Illness Inventory (SC-CII-Sp) in community-dwelling older adults with chronic multimorbidity.
A methodological study.
A total of 1260 older adults participated in the study between May 2020 and February 2022. The data were analysed using SPSS Statistics® 26 and AMOS® 24. The items' content validity index and the Fleiss' kappa were calculated to assess the SC-CII-Sp's content validity. Convergent validity was assessed by calculating the Pearson correlation coefficient between the participants' scores on the SC-CII-Sp and their scores on the Spanish Chronic Disease Self-Efficacy scale (SCD-SE). Construct validity was tested by performing a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). The SC-CII-Sp's reliability was tested by computing the Cronbach's alpha.
The SC-CII-Sp showed good content and convergent validity. The CFA showed that the SC-CII-Sp has three sub-scales. The 8-item Self-Care Maintenance sub-scale has good internal consistency and is comprised of two dimensions: illness-related and health-promoting behaviour. The Self-Care Monitoring sub-scale had excellent internal consistency and its five loaded items belonged to a single dimension. The 6-item Self-Care Management sub-scale has adequate internal consistency and two dimensions: autonomous and consulting behaviour.
The Spanish version of SC-CII is a valid and reliable instrument to be used in the assessment of self-care behaviours amongst Spanish-speaking, community-dwelling older adults with chronic multimorbidity.
Nurses need valid and reliable tools to assess self-care behaviours in Spanish-speaking community-dwelling older adults with chronic multimorbidity. This study provides a 19-item tool that allows for the comprehensive evaluation of self-care behaviours in healthy and ill states.
Using the SC-CII-Sp in clinical or research settings could help nurses to examine the effects of different interventions on self-care behaviours amongst Spanish-speaking, community-dwelling older adults with chronic multimorbidity.
None to be reported.
Objetivo principal: El objetivo de estudio fue conocer que cambios supuso en su vida el desempeñar el rol de cuidador principal, y explorar cómo se sintió ante esta situación. Metodología: Para llevar a cabo este estudio se ha utilizado el relato biográfico; en concreto se siguió la metodología propuesta por Amezcua y Hueso. Resultados principales: La informante del relato es una mujer que tuvo que hacerse cargo del cuidado de su padre con demencia de Cuerpos de Lewy. Narra lo que ha implicado para ella y su familia el cuidado a una persona dependiente y el impacto que ha tenido en su vida emocional, laboral y social. Conclusión principal: Este es un tipo de relato que narra un problema frecuente de la sociedad, como es el cuidado de nuestros mayores, cómo afrontarlo; y cómo este cuidado afecta a la vida del cuidador principal.
Objetivo: comprender el significado del no abandono en el adulto mayor de la comunidad. Metodología: estudio cualitativo descriptivo realizado en un municipio de Guanajuato, México de febrero-diciembre 2022. Se eligieron personas mayores de 60 años sin distinción de género; tipo de muestreo por conveniencia con saturación de información con 8 participantes; los datos fueron recolectados mediante entrevistas presenciales semi-estructuradas que fueron audio grabadas. Todos los participantes firmaron un consentimiento informado. Resultados: emergieron cuatro temas: 1. Necesidad de apoyo familiar, 2. Necesidad de sentirse integrado, 3. Necesidad de sentirse funcional y activo y 4. El abandono es soledad. Conclusión: el no abandono está construido a partir de la dinámica familiar y la funcionalidad, cada persona mayor le otorga un significado basado en la comunicación con sus familias, incluso a distancia, siendo reconfortante. Algunos viven solos y eso representa un espacio de satisfacción personal. La integración familiar es imperante, así mismo el mantenerse activos.
Introducción: durante la pandemia de COVID-19 se observa en la realización del trabajo diario un aumento del uso de las contenciones mecánicas debido a las condiciones excepcionales de trabajo: la limitación de acceso a las unidades, el tipo de aislamiento estricto, la falta de acompañamiento, etc. Objetivo: estimar la incidencia de contención mecánica en pacientes ingresados en unidad COVID-19, durante la pandemia y compararla con la de los pacientes de una unidad no COVID-19 y con pacientes previos a la pandemia. Método: estudio de cohortes retrospectivo, realizado en el Hospital Virgen de la Concha (Complejo Asistencial de Zamora) con pacientes mayores de 65 años ingresados en Medicina interna y divididos en tres subgrupos, uno en periodo de prepandemia (junio-diciembre 2019) y otro en periodo de pandemia (enero- mayo 2021) que se dividieron en pacientes ingresados por COVID-19 y pacientes ingresados por otras enfermedades (no COVID-19). Resultados: de los 312 casos evaluados, 104 eran de periodo de prepandemia y 208 en periodo de pandemia (104 pacientes COVID-19 y 104 pacientes con otras enfermedades). En prepandemia la incidencia de pacientes con contención mecánica fue del 7,7% (Intervalo de confianza del 95% [IC 95%]: 3,4 a 14,7%), mientras que durante la pandemia las incidencias fueron 21,2% (IC 95%: 13,7% a 30,2%) en pacientes COVID-19 Y 20,2% (IC 95%: 12,9% A 29,2%) en pacientes no COVID-19. Discusión: durante el periodo de pandemia fue mayor la incidencia de las contenciones que en el periodo de prepandemia, con independencia del acompañamiento, edad, sexo y del diagnóstico, o no, de COVID-19.
ABSTRACT
Introduction. During the COVID-19 pandemic we have observed an increase in the use of mechanical restraints due to exceptional working conditions: limited access to the units, the type of strict isolation, the lack of accompaniment, etc. Objective: to estimate the incidence of physical restraint in patients admitted to a COVID-19 unit during the pandemic and compare it with that of patients in a non-COVID-19 unit and with patients prior to the pandemic. Methodology: retrospective cohort study, carried out at the Virgen de la Concha Hospital (Zamora Assistance Complex) with Internal Medicine inpatients older than 65 years and divided into three subgroups, one in the pre-pandemic period (June-December 2019) and another in the pandemic period (January-May 2021) that we divided into patients admitted for COVID-19 and patients admitted for other diseases (not COVID-19). Results: of the 312 cases evaluated, 104 were from the pre-pandemic period and 208 from the pandemic period (104 COVID-19 patients and 104 patients with other diseases). In pre-pandemic, the incidence of patients with mechanical restraint was 7.7% (95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 3.4 to 14.7%), while during the pandemic the incidence was 21.2%. (95% CI: 13.7% to 30.2%) in COVID-19 patients and 20.2% (95% CI: 12.9% to 29.2%) in non-COVID-19 patients. Discussion: during the pandemic period the incidence of restraints was higher than in the pre-pandemic period, regardless of accompaniment, age, sex, and COVID-19 diagnosis.
Objetivo: Analizar las repercusiones de la pandemia por el nuevo coronavirus en la salud de los profesionales de enfermería. Método: Investigación cuantitativa, descriptiva, realizada en un hospital universitario de Salvador, Bahía, Brasil, entre septiembre y octubre de 2020. La recolección de datos se realizó a través de un cuestionario electrónico estructurado, que fue respondido por 209 profesionales de enfermería de la institución. El proyecto fue aprobado por un Comité de Ética en Investigación (nº CAAE 36841720.0.0000.0049). Resultados: La mayoría de los profesionales relató insomnio o dormir menos de lo necesario (62,67%); mostró aumento del deseo de comer (46,89%) o pérdida del apetito (16,75%); tuvo pérdidas en actividades de ocio (97,6%); relataron una disminución en la práctica de actividad física (91,87%); mostró alteraciones en el estado de ánimo (83,75%); reportó algún grado de ansiedad (89,95%); y tenía diagnóstico de covid-19 (28,23%). Conclusión: Los resultados indican las repercusiones que trajo la pandemia para la salud física y mental de los profesionales de enfermería.
Objetivo principal: Analizar la influencia del nivel de triaje asignado mediante Sistema de Triaje Manchester sobre la probabilidad de ingreso en pacientes que acuden a urgencias con los motivos de consulta Disnea, Dolor Abdominal y Problemas en Extremidades. Metodología: Estudio analítico retrospectivo de los pacientes que acudieron al Servicio de Urgencias. Resultados principales: El nivel de triaje asignado se relaciona con una mayor probabilidad de ingreso en el caso de niveles de triaje naranja Dolor Abdominal y rojo en Disnea (p<0,05). En pacientes con Problemas en Extramidades el nivel de triaje asignado no influye en la probabilidad de ingreso manejando como covariables la edad y el sexo. La edad es un predictor significativo de ingreso en pacientes con los tres motivos de ingreso (p<0,001). Conclusión principal: El nivel de triaje asignado se asocia de manera diferencial con la probabilidad de ingreso según el motivo de consulta del paciente.
Objetivo principal: El objetivo fue identificar y analizar eventos adversos en la atención de pacientes en hemodiálisis en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos. Metodología: Estudio descriptivo y retrospectivo desarrollado en una clínica de hemodiálisis, que subcontrata el servicio de hemodiálisis a 10 unidades de cuidados intensivos en hospitales de Goiânia, Goiás, Brasil. Se realizó una evaluación de los indicadores de evaluación de los servicios de hemodiálisis con el fin de elevar los eventos adversos en los últimos seis meses. Resultados principales: La mayoría de los pacientes fueron sometidos a hemodiálisis mediante catéter venoso central de doble lumen, con predominio del sexo masculino y mayores de 60 años. En los seis meses se identificaron 1.988 sesiones de hemodiálisis, 228 eventos adversos que generaron interrupción del tratamiento, producto de fallas en tecnología sanitaria, fallas en el acceso vascular, alteración hemodinámica y metabólica del paciente o por orden médica. Conclusión principal: Los eventos adversos identificados en la atención de pacientes en hemodiálisis en una unidad de cuidados intensivos provocaron la interrupción de la sesión de tratamiento de diálisis. Fueron: fallas en la tecnología de la salud, fallas en el acceso vascular y cambios hemodinámicos y metabólicos.
Objetivo: Analizar las notificaciones de lesiones de piel en un hospital universitario. Método: Estudio descriptivo, realizado en un hospital universitario, localizado en Salvador, Bahia, Brasil, con datos secundarios de notificaciones de incidentes. Fueron investigadas características sociodemográficas de los pacientes con lesiones de piel y características de las lesiones notificas en los años 2016 y 2017. Los datos fueron recolectados entre los meses de septiembre 2018 y mayo 2019 y el estudio respetó los principios éticos de investigación. Resultados: Fueron notificados 96 casos de lesión de piel. La mayoría fue adquirida en la hospitalización (89,58%), siendo frecuente la lesión por presión (77,08%), en la región sacra o glútea (61,46%), con pérdida de piel (54,17%), en grado leve (89,58%) y que prolongaron la hospitalización (7,29%). Conclusión: A pesar de ser realizada evaluación del riesgo para lesión, en más de la mitad de las notificaciones se observa que el tipo más prevalente fue la lesión por presión.
El tabaquismo es una enfermedad crónica de carácter adictivo que constituye uno de los problemas sanitarios que mayor morbimortalidad causa en España. Tradicionalmente, en su abordaje se han combinado intervenciones farmacológicas y conductuales. En los últimos años, las tecnologías de la información y comunicación han irrumpido con fuerza en el mundo sanitario y actualmente están reconocidas como un medio adicional para promover cambios de comportamiento difíciles, como, por ejemplo, dejar de fumar. Rediseñar los programas de deshabituación tabáquica teniendo en cuenta este aspecto de la tecnología podría mejorar las tasas de deshabituación. En este marco de ideas, se realizó un estudio cualitativo mediante un grupo focal con personas exfumadoras que habían asistido a un programa que combinó intervenciones conductuales, farmacológicas y tecnologías de la información (mensajería inmediata y aplicación para dejar de fumar) con el propósito de conocer sus percepciones, opiniones y expectativas al respecto. Del análisis cualitativo de datos se obtuvieron 4 categorías temáticas: Procesos cognitivos previos al cese; Elementos clave en el proceso de deshabituación; Elementos limitantes; Experiencia transformadora. Los resultados sugieren que los grupos de mensajería instan-tánea pueden ser una manera prometedora de aumentar las tasas de deshabituación actuales ya que se ha informado de una mayor adherencia al régimen terapéutico. El bajo costo de este tipo de intervenciones y su amplio alcance son dos oportunidades de mejora que ofrecen las tecnolo-gías de la información y comunicación dentro de este ámbito.
FreshRSS 