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by Andrea Salinas, Christa Burgos, Aaron Rodríguez-Ramos, Alberto Burgos-Edwards, Nelson Alvarenga, Pablo H. Sotelo, Patricia Langjahr
Inflammation plays a crucial role in homeostasis and defense responses; however, exaggerated and chronic inflammation contribute to the development and worsening of various diseases. Acanthospermum australe (Loefl.) Kuntze (A. australe) is a medicinal plant traditionally used to alleviate inflammation. However, the anti-inflammatory activity of this plant has not yet been explored. This study aimed to evaluate the immunomodulatory activity of this species using network pharmacology, UPLC-ESI-MS/MS analysis, and in vitro assays. Network pharmacology analysis revealed the involvement of immune system processes, and among the main targets of A. australe related to inflammation were innate immune responses, toll-like receptors (TLRs), and T cell receptor signaling pathways. A methanolic extract was prepared and analyzed using UPLC-ESI-MS/MS, and 15 compounds were detected. Additionally, the potential targets of A. australe predicted by network pharmacology analysis were validated in vitro using monocytic THP-1 cells and splenocytes. The RT-qPCR analysis indicated that A. australe significantly inhibited the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α, as well as chemokine CCL-2, in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated cells. Finally, the extract significantly decreased concanavalin A (ConA)-induced T cell proliferation. Overall, our study provides evidence for the anti-inflammatory effects of this species and highlights its mechanisms of action.Pain is a prevalent symptom in people living with dementia. Evidence shows that pain frequently remains unrecognised and untreated in this vulnerable population, leading to avoidable suffering. Effective pain management is hindered by multifactorial barriers at the individual, organisational and policy level. This study aims to achieve expert consensus on the key barriers to pain management in non-verbal people living with dementia and strategies to address these barriers within Portuguese residential care facilities.
An e-Delphi study will be conducted using two rounds of online questionnaires. The Behaviour Change Wheel (BCW) framework guided the development of e-Delphi statements by linking identified determinants (i.e., barriers and facilitators) to intervention functions. Barriers were extracted from the literature reviews and mapped into the capability, opportunity and motivation–behaviour model. Intervention functions were then selected using the BCW linkage matrices and operationalised into practical strategies. A purposive and snowball sampling approach will be used to recruit a heterogeneous panel of experts across national residential care facilities, including nurses, physicians, managers and policymakers with relevant experience in dementia. During the e-Delphi rounds, participants will be invited to rate the relevance of each barrier and associated strategy(ies) on a five-point Likert scale and provide comments or suggestions. Consensus will be defined as ≥75% agreement on each statement.
Ethical approval for this study was obtained from the Egas Moniz Ethics Committee (Ref. 1586), and all procedures will comply with the Declaration of Helsinki. Informed consent will be obtained from all participants. The findings will be disseminated through a peer-reviewed publication, scientific events and stakeholder networks, including residential care facilities, to inform future practice and policy in dementia care.
by Jorman H. Tejada-Perdomo, Valentina Gutierrez-Perdomo, Juana V. Agudelo-Castro, Jorge A. Pérez-Gamboa, Alejandro Weinstein, Sebastián San Martín, Rodrigo Salas, Jorge A. Ramos-Castaneda
The use of devices that facilitate rapid airway isolation is essential when managing critical patients in emergencies. In recent years, additive manufacturing has emerged as an innovative, versatile, and accessible technology for developing medical devices. This study presents the design, development, and validation of an extraglottic medical device created using computer-aided design tools and stereolithographic 3D printing to facilitate blind intubation by first responders. The device was iteratively modeled and fabricated with biocompatible materials; validation in airway simulators and human cadaveric specimens assessed dimensions, friction, intubation technique, and learning curve, and ease of use was rated with a Likert scale. Ten iterations led to a final design with low friction and minimal cervical manipulation; ramp angle, cup geometry, and distal tip were optimized for tube passage, and BioMed Flex 80A showed high strength and anatomical compatibility. The final version is a safe, reusable, and functional alternative for airway management and blind orotracheal intubation, particularly in emergencies and resource-limited settings; clinical validation in live patients is still needed.by Samara Santos-Araujo, Katia C. Gondim, Isabela Ramos
Autophagy and lipolysis are key metabolic pathways involved in lipid mobilization and energy homeostasis. In Rhodnius prolixus, a major vector of Chagas disease, previous studies have shown that silencing autophagy-related genes (RpAtg8, RpAtg6) or the brummer lipase gene RpBmm alters lipid metabolism and impairs flight activity. Here, we investigate the combined roles of lipolysis and lipophagy by performing a dual RNAi-mediated silencing of RpAtg8 and RpBmm under both fed and starved conditions. In the fat body, dual silencing did not exacerbate triacylglycerol (TAG) accumulation beyond single knockdowns but led to significant enlargement of lipid droplets (LDs), suggesting adaptive remodeling. In contrast, the flight muscle of fed insects showed additive increases in TAG content, indicating synergistic impairment of lipid mobilization under this condition. Dual knockdown also modulated expression of lipid metabolism-related genes, including AKHr, Dgat1/2, and Plin1, in a tissue- and condition-specific manner. Combined silencing reduced vitellogenin levels in the hemolymph, significantly compromised oviposition, hatching success, survival, as well as flight capacity. Nonetheless, none of the phenotypes observed in the dual-silenced group showed additive effects when compared to the single knockdowns. Thus, while some phenotypes appeared additive, particularly in TAG accumulation in the flight muscle (only under fed conditions) and fat body LD remodeling, most impairments were not changed by the dual knockdown. These results highlight the crucial but apparent redundant roles of lipolysis and autophagy in maintaining lipid homeostasis and ensuring reproductive success in R. prolixus.The perspectives of stakeholders directly affected by mental health services for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are essential for the quality of these services. However, it is crucial that these perspectives are informed by the best available evidence and adapted to the local context. This study aims to analyse barriers related to mental health services for children and adolescents with ASD from the perspective of families and caregivers, considering social, racial and gender aspects.
Three steps will be taken: stakeholder engagement through an online meeting to refine the research question and understand the magnitude of the problem; (b) qualitative evidence synthesis using five databases and grey literature to identify studies that have collected and analysed qualitative data on barriers to mental health services for children and adolescents with ASD in Brazil. Only studies conducted in Brazil that consider the perspectives of family members and caregivers will be included. (c) A citizen panel with families of children and adolescents with ASD will be used to discuss and validate the synthesis findings.
We will provide a set of evidence-informed and stakeholder-experienced barriers to mental health services for children with ASD in Brazil. This represents an effort to engage stakeholders in evidence descriptions to inform policy. We plan to disseminate the findings through various means, including peer-reviewed journal publications, presentations at national conferences, invited workshops and webinars, patient associations and academic social media platforms. The project was approved by the Ethics Committee for Research at the University of Sorocaba (approval number 78747224.7.0000.5500).
Open Science Framework—10.17605/OSF.IO/DVAKG.
The combination with corticosteroids as immunomodulators has been the subject of debate in different infectious syndromes. The main objective of this study is to evaluate the efficacy (the percentage of patients hospitalised with influenza with a status of 3 or higher according to the Hospital Recovery Scale (HRS) on day 7 after the start of treatment) and safety of dexamethasone.
Investigator-initiated multicentre, blinded, randomised placebo-controlled trial with two parallel treatment arms. The study population will consist of adult patients (over 18 years of age) hospitalised with severe influenza. One arm will receive one capsule of 6 mg of dexamethasone for 7 days, and the other arm will receive one capsule of placebo for 7 days of antibiotic treatment for 7 days or longer. Both groups will receive oseltamivir (75 mg/12 hours orally) for 5 days, extendable to 10 days depending on the investigator decision. Randomisation will occur in equal proportion (1:1). Patients with bronchial hyper-responsiveness that requires systemic corticosteroids for more than 24 hours, preinclusion treatment with corticosteroids for more than 24 hours at a dose equal to or higher than 1 mg/kg methylprednisolone (0.2 mg/kg dexamethasone or 1.25 mg/kg prednisone), inability to administer oral oseltamivir, patients with severe comorbidity with a life expectancy of
The study is approved by the Institutional Review Board of Alicante Health Department—Dr. Balmis General University Hospital (LOC-100061146). The results of the main trial and each of the secondary endpoints will be submitted for publication in a peer-reviewed journal
Paediatric hospitalisation, encompassing the period from admission to discharge, often involves feelings of pain, fear and anxiety, primarily due to clinical diagnoses and, more significantly, discomfort and stress-inducing procedures. Numerous methodologies and interventions have been investigated and implemented to alleviate these phenomena during paediatric hospitalisation. Virtual reality (VR), for example, has demonstrated efficacy in pain relief for hospitalised children in recent studies. This systematic review, therefore, aims to identify and evaluate the effectiveness of VR in alleviating pain, fear and anxiety in hospitalised children undergoing painful procedures.
This systematic review and meta-analysis will follow the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses for Protocols guidelines. A systematic search will be conducted in March and April 2025 across the following databases, with no restrictions on language or publication year: PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, Cumulated Index in Nursing and Allied Health Literature, ClinicalTrials.gov and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials. Eligible studies will include randomised and quasi-randomised clinical trials involving children (aged 2–10 years) and adolescents (aged 10–18 years) who received VR interventions during painful procedures. Data will be managed and analysed using Review Manager software (RevMan 5.2.3). In cases of significant heterogeneity (I² > 50%), a random-effects model will be employed to combine studies and calculate the OR with a 95% CI. The methodological quality of the included studies will be assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias 2.0 tool, and the certainty of the evidence will be evaluated using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations framework.
This study will solely review published data; thus, ethical approval is not required. This systematic review is expected to provide subsidies, evidence and insights into the use of VR. It is also anticipated that the results will directly impact the improvement of care for these patients and the qualification of professional care.
CRD42024568297.
Smoking is the leading cause of preventable deaths. The training of professionals on brief tobacco interventions (BTIs) increases the effectiveness of these interventions.
To assess the effectiveness of an online training program on BTI based on the 5As and 5Rs model in acquiring anti-tobacco brief advice competencies among nurses.
Quasi-experimental study with a pre-test and post-test design, with a control group and without random assignment. In the experimental group (EG), online training was provided in three sections: BTI theoretical content and methodology, clinical scenario videos, and feedback. Each scenario assessed the 5As and 5Rs as a validated instrument (BTI-Prof(C)). The control group (CG) only assessed the three videos of clinical scenarios. In both groups, competence was measured at the following points in time: T0 (before the training), T1 (at the end of the training), and T2 (after 90 days). The efficacy of the intervention was measured through a two-way ANOVA, and the variation rate was calculated from T0 to T1 and from T0 to T2.
236 nurses participated (157 EG; 79 CG). The mean age was 42.9 years, and 76.7% were women. There was a significant group*time interaction in the three cases, indicating that the online BTI training increases the competence of these professionals in clinical scenario 1 (F = 10.210; p ≤ 0.001; η 2 = 0.081), clinical scenario 2 (F = 6.235; p = 0.002; η 2 = 0.051), and clinical scenario 3 (F = 11.271; p ≤ 0.001; η 2 = 0.090).
A brief, asynchronous, and online intervention using standardized video-based cases is effective in improving nurses' BTI competence. This type of training can be a useful option for the National Health System as part of a global and continuous strategy for nurses to perform BTI.
An asynchronous online training program provides nurses with standardized, evidence-based tools to implement brief tobacco interventions in routine care, offering a scalable and practical solution to strengthen preventive strategies in health systems.
Introducción. La punción arterial para el análisis gasométrico provoca dolor de intensidad variable. Este dolor podría alterar la dinámica ventilatoria y, por tanto, los parámetros respiratorios de la muestra sanguínea. Objetivos. Determinar la posible relación entre el dolor inducido por la punción arterial y los parámetros obtenidos del análisis gasométrico de estas muestras de sangre. Como objetivos secundarios, obtener la prevalencia del dolor provocado en la muestra estudiada y la posible asociación con el número de intentos. Metodología. Estudio transversal que incluyó 100 muestras arteriales de 61 pacientes durante el primer semestre de 2024. La intensidad del dolor, reportada mediante la escala NRS-11, fue la variable principal de estudio. Se analizó la asociación de esta variable con variables gasométricas (por ejemplo, pH, pO2, pCO2 y lactato) y con otras variables sociodemográficas y relacionadas con punción arterial. Resultados. La edad fue de 69,43 ± 13,07 y el 68% eran hombres. Respecto a la variable principal de resultado, la puntuación media del dolor fue de 4,03 ± 2,61. La intensidad del dolor no mostró asociación con ninguna variable gasométrica. Sin embargo, el número de intentos de obtener con éxito una muestra arterial mostró significación. Tras ajustar por otras variables, cada intento adicional aumentaba el dolor en 1,14 puntos. Discusión. No se encontró asociación entre el dolor de la punción arterial y los parámetros del análisis gasométrico, por lo que los resultados pueden interpretarse de forma robusta en situaciones en las que no es posible un manejo adecuado del dolor.
ABSTRACT
Introduction. Arterial puncture for gasometrical analysis causes pain of varying intensity. This pain could alter the ventilatory dynamics and therefore the respiratory parameters of the blood sample. Objectives. To determine the possible relationship between the pain induced by arterial puncture and the parameters obtained from the gasometrical analysis of these blood samples. As secondary objectives, to obtain the prevalence of pain caused in the sample studied and the possible association with the number of attempts. Methodology. Cross-sectional study involving 100 arterial samples from 61 patients during the first half of 2024. Pain intensity reported by the NRS-11 was the main study variable. The association of this variable with gasometrical variables (for example: pH, pO2, pCO2, lactate) and with other variables of different nature (sociodemographic and related to the arterial puncture itself) was analyzed. Results. The age was 69,43 ± 13,07 and 68% were men. Regarding the main outcome variable, the mean pain score was 4.03 ± 2.61. Pain intensity showed no association with any of the gasometric variables. However, the number of attempts to successfully obtain an arterial sample showed significance. After adjustment for other variables, each additional attempt increased pain by 1.14 points. Discussion. No association was found between arterial puncture pain and gasometric analysis parameters, so the results can be robustly interpreted in situations where adequate pain management is not possible.
Resumen: Introducción: La tuberculosis es una enfermedad infectocontagiosa con una alta tasa de prevalencia, reconocida como una alerta para la salud global y, al mismo tiempo, como una dolencia persistente a lo largo de la historia humana. La trayectoria histórica y cultural de la tuberculosis está marcada por representaciones visuales y escritas a lo largo de los años. Objetivos: Analizar las representaciones del cuidado de la tuberculosis en la pintura Ciencia y Caridad de Pablo Picasso. Métodos: Se trata de un estudio histórico desde la perspectiva de la microhistoria, utilizando un análisis pre-iconográfico e iconográfico. La fuente histórica fue la pintura Ciencia y Caridad de Pablo Picasso, de 1897. Resultados: Estas representaciones sugieren el papel de la monja y el cuidado de enfermería, simbolizando la caridad, además de la acumulación de tareas, diferencias laborales de género y cuidado holístico con la familia. El médico, representado de forma destacada en primer plano, simboliza la ciencia de la época. La paciente, afectada por la tuberculosis, se encuentra en el centro de la imagen, con rostro pálido, ojos hundidos y cuerpo delgado. Además, en el entorno se identifica un oratorio, que puede significar una relación con la espiritualidad, especialmente con el catolicismo, lo cual se asocia con la figura de la monja. También se observaron características de un ambiente húmedo, como ventanas cerradas con manchas. Conclusión: En este contexto, el cuidado de enfermería para pacientes con tuberculosis se representa como una práctica colectiva que involucra a la familia, abordando tanto las necesidades del paciente como las de su entorno. Las representaciones del cuidado durante el período del Realismo, basadas en la obra analizada, destacan un modelo de atención centrado en satisfacer las necesidades del paciente, enfatizando el ambiente, la espiritualidad y la evolución de la enfermería como una práctica orientada al bienestar integral.
Ensayo reflexivo cuya propuesta aborda el informe contemporáneo titulado “Black Mirror” de la vida real: Brasil funda Startup para recrear personas muertas, escrito para la revista Forbes Brasil y publicado el 20 de septiembre de 2020. Lo que nos interesa problematizar en este ensayo se refiere al gobierno del otro, a la disciplina y a los posibles cambios biopolíticos resultantes de esta enternización de uno mismo. A partir de los Estudios Culturales, utilizando específicamente conceptos de Foucault y Byung-Chul Han, analizamos cómo se presentan los discursos sobre la muerte en este informe, entendiendo el gobierno de los cuerpos y las formas de vida, en una perspectiva en la que una identidad humana sería mapeada, procesada y monetizada en una inteligencia artificial. Ampliando el significado foucaultiano, estaríamos pasando de la sociedad disciplinar y biopolítica a la sociedad de ingresos y de la “psicopolítica”, del panóptico al panóptico virtual o digital. Es seductor mantenerse vivo y producir emociones positivas en las personas que amamos, incluso después de nuestra muerte. Para los profesionales de la salud, estas reflexiones son válidas en la conducción de cuidado, las prácticas asistenciales y en la comprensión de la finitud.
Objetivo: Comprender el significado de la soledad que tiene el adulto mayor que participa en grupos de apoyo. Metodología: estudio cualitativo fenomenológico hermenéutico, la selección de participantes fue por muestreo intencionado, 25 adulto mayores logrando la saturación teórica, se aplicó entrevista a profundidad para la recolección de datos, que partió de una pregunta central, el análisis se realizó según planteamientos de Cohen y Steeves. Resultados: Emergieron tres temas. La soledad es algo que enferma y entristece. El amparo de las creencias religiosas como refugio ante la soledad. La compañía mejora el no sentirse solo. Conclusión: Es un compromiso para enfermería seguir nutriendo la discusión sobre lo que la soledad puede significar para este grupo poblacional, pero más allá de simplemente tratar de entender que significa para ellos, poder brindar herramientas de análisis que permitan diseñar estrategias dirigidas al desarrollo de acciones que propendan por mitigar y superar la soledad.
Una de las principales novedades del debate parlamentario de la ley de beneficencia en el Trienio Liberal radicó en las delaciones de irregularidades en la gestión de este tipo de establecimientos. La meta principal de este estudio es analizar dichas denuncias sobre la base de una triple diferenciación: las que apuntan a las irregularidades debidas a una mala gestión de los recursos económicos, las que se refieren a la administración concejil y las que tienen que ver con la dejadez de quienes cuidaban a los menesterosos en tales casas. Los debates parlamentarios del Trienio liberal en la Ley de Beneficencia se constituyen como fuente principal del estudio. Metodológicamente se aborda el análisis de las intervenciones de los diputados que participaron en la elaboración de dicha normativa. Lo extraño en esta época no eran estas irregularidades, asumidas como algo natural, sino el hecho de que fueran denunciadas por los parlamentarios, pues ello evidencia un cambio sustancial en cuanto a la voluntad de controlar la gestión económica de estos establecimientos, así como la responsabilidad de los cuidadores.
La relación de la pérdida significativa de un ser querido y el alcoholismo ha minimizado las implicaciones sobre mecanismos de afrontamientos para generar conductas saludables. Este artículo se basa en entrevistas semiestructuradas a profundidad en hombres de entre 30 y 70 años, con más de 10 años en Alcohólicos Anónimos del Estado de Tamaulipas, México. El objetivo fue reflexionar sobre los significados de la pérdida significativa de un ser querido y el alcoholismo. En la búsqueda del significado, se explica que un factor que lleva al alcoholismo no es una sola pérdida significativa de personas queridas, sino un cúmulo también de pérdidas materiales y no materiales, se reflejaron recursos limitados para afrontar las pérdidas, la relación entre la pérdida significativa con el alcoholismo fue mediado por dos principales aspectos, las creencias sobre los efectos que produce el consumo de alcohol como formas de escapar de la realidad y las influencia de la familia al inicio del consumo de alcohol. Por otra parte, la presencia de lo espiritual, la conciencia y las emociones que experimentan durante su proceso de duelo y alcoholismo, los llevó a identificar el problema de la adicción, que permitió influir en el proceso de rehabilitación.
To investigate the health-related quality of life (HRQoL), symptoms, psychological and cognitive state and pulmonary and physical function of nonhospitalised COVID-19 patients at long-term, and to identify factors to predict a poor HRQoL in this follow-up.
Studies have focused on persistent symptoms of hospitalised COVID-19 patients in the medium term. Thus, long-term studies of nonhospitalised patients are urgently required.
A longitudinal cohort study.
In 102 nonhospitalised COVID-19 patients, we collected symptoms at 3 months (baseline) and at 6–7 months (follow-up) from diagnosis (dyspnoea, fatigue/muscle weakness and chest/joint pain), HRQoL, psychological state, cognitive function, pulmonary and physical function. This study adhered to the STROBE statement.
HRQoL was impaired in almost 60% of the sample and remained impaired 6–7 months. At 3 months, more than 60% had impaired physical function (fatigue/muscle weakness and reduced leg and inspiratory muscle strength). About 40%–56% of the sample showed an altered psychological state (post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), anxiety/depression), cognitive function impairment and dyspnoea. At 6–7-months, only a slight improvement in dyspnoea and physical and cognitive function was observed, with a very high proportion of the sample (29%–55%) remained impaired. Impaired HRQoL at 6–7 months was predicted with 82.4% accuracy (86.7% sensitivity and 83.3% specificity) by the presence at 3 months of muscle fatigue/muscle weakness (OR = 5.7 (1.8–18.1)), PTSD (OR = 6.0 (1.7–20.7)) and impaired HRQoL (OR = 11.7 (3.7–36.8)).
A high proportion of nonhospitalised patients with COVID-19 experience an impaired HRQoL, cognitive and psychological function at long-term. HRQoL, PTSD and dyspnoea at 3 months can identify the majority of patients with COVID-19 who will have impaired quality of life at long-term.
Treatments aimed at improving psychological state and reducing the fatigue/muscle weakness of post-COVID-19 patients could be necessary to prevent the patients’ HRQoL from being impaired at 6–7 months after their reported recovery.
This study aimed to describe the process of construction, validation, and usability of the chatbot ESTOMABOT to assist in the self-care of patients with intestinal ostomies. Methodological research was conducted in three phases: construction, validation, and usability. The first stage corresponded to the elaboration of a script through a literature review, and the second stage corresponded to face and content validation through a panel of enterostomal therapy nurses. In the third phase, the usability of ESTOMABOT was assessed with the participation of surgical clinic nurses, patients with intestinal elimination ostomies, and information technology professionals, using the System Usability Scale. The ESTOMABOT content reached excellent criteria of adequacy, with percentages of agreement equal to or greater than 90%, which were considered adequate, relevant, and representative. The evaluation of the content validity of the script using the scale content validity index/average proportion method reached a result above 0.90, and the Fleiss κ was excellent (P Sr. Director: El Reglamento Sanitario Internacional (2005) exponía que las amenazas para la salud pública internacional en el siglo XXI se centraban en 7 campos: enfermedades epidemiógenas, enfermedades transmitidas por los alimentos, brotes accidentales, brotes intencionados, accidentes por sustancias químicas tóxicas, accidentes radio nucleares y desastres ambientales [Fragmento de texto].
Objetivo principal: Exponer las vivencias de una persona al adaptarse al vivir con nuevas limitaciones. Metodología: Se escoge una metodología cualitativa llevándose a cabo mediante una entrevista en profundidad y su posterior transcripción a un relato biográfico. Resultados: Los resultados del estudio, muestran cómo Luna tuvo que enfrentarse a un cambio de vida, que no le resultó fácil. No supo cómo actuar con las limitaciones que se fue encontrando día a día, sin apoyos por parte del personal sanitario, y las dificultades que tuvo al solicitar un grado de minusvalía. Conclusión: Esta investigación pone en manifiesto que como personal sanitario deberíamos valorar el contexto de nuestros pacientes e intentar apoyarles en sus dudas, darles tiempo a manifestarlas para intentar ayudarles, es decir, mantener un buen feedback con ellos para obtener una buena relación terapéutica.
Objetivo: caracterizar las producciones científicas sobre atención integral de salud, promovidas a través de políticas públicas para perso-nas que conviven con el Virus de Inmunodeficiencia Humana. Metodología: Revisión integrativa de literatura, a través de la búsqueda en las bases de datos PUBMED, LILACS y la biblioteca virtual SCIELO, utilizando los descriptores “Políticas Públicas de salud”, “Síndrome de inmunodeficiencia adquirida”, “Atención integral de salud” y el operador booleano “Y”, resultando en una muestra, después de leídos, de 12 artículos. Los resultados de este estudio nos permitieron identificar y clasificar el estado de las políticas públicas para la atención de esta población, en tres categorías: A: políticas y / o directrices insuficientes; B: Necesidad de mejoras e inversiones en políticas existentes; C: éxito de los programas, siendo imprescindible una articulación internacional de gobiernos y organismos no gubernamentales para la elaboración de políticas más ajustadas a las realidades y objetivando la atención integral de salud de esta población.
FreshRSS 