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Acoustic stimulation for relieving pain during venipuncture: a systematic review and network meta-analysis

Por: Yamada · Y. · Kitamura · M. · Inayama · E. · Kishida · M. · Kataoka · Y. · Ikenoue · T.
Objectives

To assess whether acoustic stimulations relieve venipuncture pain and determine which stimulation is the most effective type.

Design

Systematic review and network meta-analysis.

Data sources

PubMed, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Excerpta Medica dataBASE, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, ClinicalTrials.gov and the International Clinical Trials Registry Platform databases were systematically searched in September 2023.

Study selection

Randomised controlled trials evaluating the efficacy of acoustic stimulations on patients undergoing venipuncture were eligible. Acoustic stimulations were classified into seven categories: five types of acoustic stimulations (music medicine (researcher selected), music medicine (patient selected), music therapy, sounds with linguistic meaning and sounds without linguistic meaning) and two controls (only wearing headphones and no treatment).

Primary and secondary outcome measures

Primary outcomes included self-reported pain intensity assessed during venipuncture and treatment cost, and secondary outcomes were self-reported mental distress and adverse events.

Results

Of 6406 citations, this network meta-analysis included 27 studies including 3416 participants; the mean age was 31.5 years, and 57% were men. Among the five types of acoustic stimulations, only musical interventions, such as music medicine (patient selected) (standardised mean difference (SMD) –0.44 (95% CI: –0.84 to –0.03); low confidence), music medicine (researcher selected) (SMD –0.76 (95% CI: –1.10 to –0.42); low confidence) and music therapy (SMD –0.79 (95% CI: –1.44 to –0.14); low confidence), were associated with improved pain relief during venipuncture compared with no treatment. No significant differences existed between the types of acoustic stimulations. Free-of-charge acoustic stimulations were provided to patients, and no specific adverse events were reported. In many studies, the risk of bias was rated high because of the difficulty of blinding the intervention to the participants and the self-reported pain outcome.

Conclusions

Music interventions were associated with reduced venipuncture pain. Comparisons between types of acoustic stimulations revealed no significant differences. Therefore, music intervention could be a safe and inexpensive pain relief method for venipuncture.

PROSPERO registration number

CRD42022303852.

Impact of visitation restrictions on the mental health of family caregivers during the COVID‐19 pandemic: A mixed methods study

Abstract

Aim

To examine the mental health conditions of family caregivers residing away from their loved ones who experienced visitation restrictions during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic.

Design

A mixed-methods design applying the Kessler Scale-10 for the quantitative measurement of psychological distress and an open-ended question for qualitative analysis.

Methods

The participants were recruited from care facilities between February and September 2021. This cross-sectional study included 197 family caregivers who were utilizing formal residential care services for their loved ones. Using thematic analyses, open-ended responses regarding the impact of visitation restrictions were coded. These themes were then examined to determine thematic patterns across caregiver characteristics.

Results

Thirteen themes were identified regarding the impact of visitation restrictions. Many participants reported primary harmful effects as follows: ‘inability to confirm the type of care and lifestyle assistance provided to an older relative’ and ‘difficulty communicating with an older relative because of the inability to converse face-to-face’. Younger age, being employed, poor sleep, poor relationship quality with the care recipient and experiencing harmful effects from the visitation restrictions were associated with psychological distress.

Conclusion

Our findings suggest that to maintain positive mental health after a care transition, it is important for family caregivers to take part in the care of their loved ones and ensure information sharing between the care recipient's family and institution.

Impact

These findings suggest that both residents and family caregivers living outside facilities may feel distressed due to separation. Therefore, institutional care staff needs to consider how to adjust facility procedures or communication with family caregivers.

Patient or Public Contribution

The comments obtained from the participants in this survey helped to shape the study design and are expected to contribute to the further development of quality facility care.

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