Conectar
Hospital falls persist as a major threat to patient safety. This study aimed to develop an interprofessional reference standard to prevent, manage and report hospital falls.
A Delphi consensus methodology, informed by the Conducting and Reporting Delphi Studies guideline, was used to design the reference standard. An interprofessional expert panel (n=47) of health professionals, researchers, policymakers and consumers participated in three Delphi rounds. Following the review of clinical guidelines, an e-Delphi survey was developed and piloted to derive 60 initial items for the standard. Two iterative rounds of e-Delphi surveys were distributed via Research Electronic Data Capture and included free-text questions and 9-point Likert scales. An online consensus meeting followed, to ratify the final standard.
In the first Delphi round, there was over 80% agreement for 44/60 items to be included in the reference standard. This increased to 48/60 items in Round 2. At the final consensus meeting, 12 items still did not reach consensus for inclusion and one was added, yielding 49 items. Items that replicated text according to falls with injury/without injury were combined, resulting in 42 items in the final reference standard. Agreed items included: (1) brief screening of falls risk on hospital admission; (2) comprehensive falls assessment for inpatients who are older, frailer or have complex conditions; (3) single interventions (such as environmental adaptations and exercise); (4) multifactorial interventions; (5) education of patients, families and staff; (6) optimising local falls hospital policies, procedures and leadership capability; (7) optimising documentation and reporting; (8) improving accreditation processes; (9) workforce redesign to augment falls education. Items that did not reach agreement (n=12) pertained to alarms, bed rails, grip socks, artificial intelligence, volunteers and care bundles.
This new reference standard provides a checklist for staff, patients, managers and policymakers to reduce unwanted variations in prevention, management and reporting of hospital falls.
ANZCTR 386960
This study aimed to describe the types of psychological and physical symptoms experienced by healthcare professionals who became second victims after a patient safety incident and the impact of the incident on their social and professional lives.
Scoping review.
JBI methodology for scoping reviews and PRISMA-ScR for reporting were followed.
The search was conducted on June 13, 2024, using the CINAHL (EBSCO), Scopus, PubMed (Medline), Medic and PsycInfo (EBSCO) databases. A grey literature search was also conducted.
A total of 96 papers were included. Healthcare professionals experienced psychological symptoms such as anger, sadness and guilt after a safety incident. Physical symptoms were reported, including symptoms related to sleep and gastrointestinal symptoms. At the professional and social levels, the incident affected their work, relationships and well-being. Positive impacts were also noted.
This study provides a comprehensive overview of healthcare professionals' experiences after safety incidents. In addition, this study also captured the positive impacts of safety incidents, such as learning from mistakes.
By recognising the symptoms and impacts associated with the second victim syndrome, appropriate support can be provided for healthcare professionals.
The findings of this study can be used to identify the relevant harm to professionals after a safety incident, which could help to improve the well-being of these workers.
No patient or public contribution.
Open Science Framework, https://archive.org/details/osf-registrations-5cdmu-v1
The effect of prophylactic clipping for colorectal cold snare polypectomy (CSP) on delayed bleeding (DB) in patients with antithrombotic drugs remains unverified. The aim of the PERCOLD study is to demonstrate the non-inferiority of DB rates in cases without prophylactic clips compared with cases with prophylactic clips in patients taking antithrombotic drugs for colorectal CSP through randomised controlled trial (RCT).
This study is a multicentre prospective parallel-group RCT phase 3 trial that is being conducted at 14 institutions in Japan at the time of writing this manuscript. After providing consent, patients will undergo screening and assessment for study enrolment eligibility. Patients taking antithrombotic drugs (aged 20 years or older at the time of consent and who have agreed to participate in this study) will be selected if they have a preoperative suspected adenoma (including sessile serrated lesion) with an endoscopic diameter of
The trial protocol has been approved by the Chiba University Certified Clinical Research Reviewer Board (CRB3180015), which serves as the central ethics committee, and registered with Japan Registry of Clinical Trials. The current protocol V.1.7, dated 4 October 2024. Written informed consent for participation in the study will be obtained from all participating patients. All participating institutions have formally agreed to conduct the study in accordance with this central approval, and local site permissions were obtained as required by each institution. The results of this study will be submitted for publication in international peer-reviewed journals and the key findings will be presented at international scientific conferences.
Japan Registry of Clinical Trials (jRCT1032230086).
The prevention of treatment discontinuation is crucial in mitigating the adverse consequences of diabetes. This study aimed to identify the psychosocial factors and patient experiences associated with the discontinuation of diabetes treatment.
A cross-sectional study was conducted.
A nationwide online survey with convenience sampling.
Participants, aged 40–79 years, who reported living with diabetes, were included.
Treatment continuation status was the outcome variable. Participants who previously received regular treatment but were not currently under medical care were classified as the treatment discontinuation group. Psychological factors (mood and anxiety disorders, self-esteem, procrastination), social factors (loneliness, economic difficulties, adverse childhood experiences) and patient experiences and opinions regarding diabetes were assessed.
A total of 4715 individuals were included in the analysis. After adjusting for confounders, psychological distress (adjusted OR (AOR)=1.87, 95% CI (1.06 to 3.30), p=0.032) and higher procrastination (AOR=2.64, 95% CI (1.25 to 5.56), p=0.011) were significantly associated with treatment discontinuation. Overall, 9.7% of participants reported financial hardship, and 12.1% reported diabetes burnout during their course of treatment. Financial hardships (p=0.002), difficulty with child or older adult care (p
Psychological distress and higher procrastination levels were significantly associated with diabetes treatment discontinuation, after adjusting for potential confounders. The treatment discontinuation group reported significantly more psychosocial challenges than the continuation group. Healthcare providers and systems should prioritise addressing the psychosocial characteristics, experiences and challenges faced by individuals with diabetes.
To (1) analyse managers' experiences with handling patient safety incident reports in an incident reporting software, identifying key challenges; (2) analyse the incident report processes from the managers' perspective; (3) examine managers' perceptions of ways to support and improve health professionals' experiences of report-handling processes; and (4) investigate how, from their point of view, incident reporting software should be developed in the future.
A descriptive qualitative study.
Interviews and focus group discussions on Microsoft Teams from 11/2024 to 3/2025, including 16 participants, analysis with deductive and inductive content analysis.
Of 16 participants, 15 were managers and one was a patient safety expert. Most were nurse managers (n = 9). Four discussion themes were divided into 30 categories. Participants highlighted the need to improve the reporting software's terminology, classification and analysis tools. The use of artificial intelligence was desired but not currently integrated into the software. Participants were unsure of their skills to use all the software features. Clear and transparent handling processes, feedback, managers' behaviour and communication methods were seen as key to improving staff's experience with report processes. A real-time warning system was considered beneficial for various incident types. Specific questions must be answered before further developing such systems.
This study deepened the understanding of reporting software's challenges regarding its handling features. The handling processes of incident reports had multiple shortcomings, which may negatively affect health professionals' experiences in report handling. Real-time warning systems could assist healthcare managers in processing reports.
Organisational-level guidance for incident report processing is needed. Improvements to report processing and reporting software can improve shared learning and understanding of the status of patient safety.
No patient or public contribution.
COnsolidated criteria for REporting Qualitative research Checklist.
Urban green and blue space (UGBS) interventions, such as the development of an urban greenway, have the potential to provide public health benefits and multiple co-benefits in the realms of the environment, economy and society. This paper presents the protocol for a 5-year follow-up evaluation of the public health benefits and co-benefits of an urban greenway in Belfast, UK.
The natural experiment evaluation uses a range of systems-oriented and mixed-method approaches. First, using group model building methods, we codeveloped a causal loop diagram with stakeholders to inform the evaluation framework. We will use other systems methods including viable systems modelling and soft systems methodology to understand the context of the system (ie, the intervention) and the stakeholders involved in the development, implementation and maintenance phases. The effectiveness evaluation includes a repeat cross-sectional household survey with a random sample of 1200 local residents (adults aged ≥16 years old) who live within 1 mile of the greenway. The survey is complemented with administrative data from the National Health Service. For the household survey, outcomes include physical activity, mental well-being, quality of life, social capital, perceptions of environment and biodiversity. From the administrative data, outcomes include prescription medications for a range of non-communicable diseases such as cardiovascular disease, type II diabetes mellitus, chronic respiratory and mental health conditions. We also investigate changes in infectious disease rates, including COVID-19, and maternal and child health outcomes such as birth weight and gestational diabetes. A range of economic evaluation methods, including a cost-effectiveness analysis and social return on investment (SROI), will be employed. Findings from the household survey and administrative data analysis will be further explored in focus groups with a subsample of those who complete the household survey and the local community to explore possible mechanistic pathways and other impacts beyond those measured. Process evaluation methods include intercept surveys and direct observation of the number and type of greenway visitors using the Systems for Observing Play and Recreation in Communities tool. Finally, we will use methods such as weight of evidence, simulation and group model building, each embedding participatory engagement with stakeholders to help us interpret, triangulate and synthesise the findings.
To our knowledge, this is one of the first natural experiments with a 5-year follow-up evaluation of an UGBS intervention. The findings will help inform future policy and practice on UGBS interventions intended to bring a range of public health benefits and co-benefits. Ethics approval was obtained from the Medicine, Health and Life Sciences Research Ethics Committee prior to the commencement of the study. All participants in the household survey and focus group workshops will provide written informed consent before taking part in the study. Findings will be reported to (1) participants and stakeholders; (2) funding bodies supporting the research; (3) local, regional and national governments to inform policy; (4) presented at local, national and international conferences and (5) disseminated by peer-review publications.
Amoxicillin is recommended for children with uncomplicated severe acute malnutrition (SAM). However, some trials have shown no difference in amoxicillin for nutritional recovery in children with SAM compared with placebo. In addition, amoxicillin treatment requires two times per day dosing for 7 days, which may influence adherence. Azithromycin is a broad-spectrum antibiotic that can be provided as a single dose and has reduced mortality in children aged 1–59 months when provided by mass drug administration. The AMOUR trial is designed to assess amoxicillin, azithromycin and placebo as part of outpatient treatment of uncomplicated SAM.
This double-masked randomised controlled trial will enrol 3000 children over 3 years in an individually randomised 1:1:1 allocation to azithromycin, amoxicillin or placebo arms and follow them for 12 months. Children eligible to enrol in the study will be aged 6–59 months and have uncomplicated non-oedematous SAM as defined by weight-for-height Z-score
Ethical approval was obtained from the Institutional Review Board at the University of California, San Francisco (Protocol 23–39411) and the Comité d’Ethique pour la Recherche en Santé in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso (Protocol 2024-01-08). The results of this study will be disseminated to the Ministry of Health, community stakeholders and via peer-reviewed publications and academic conferences.
Virtual scholarly events play an increasing role in doctoral education, particularly in nursing. The PhD Virtual Connect-event has been held annually for the past decade, evolving as a platform for engagement, knowledge exchange and professional development. However, its potential as a structured virtual Community of Practice remains underexplored.
This study explores the experiences of PhD students participating in the 9th and 10th editions (2023 and 2024) of the Sigma Theta Tau European Region's PhD Virtual Connect, examining how they perceive its alignment with Community of Practice principles and its role in doctoral nursing education.
A qualitative, open-ended survey was administered to the event participants who presented their studies across both editions, with responses being analysed using reflexive thematic analysis, followed by a comparative discussion of findings.
A total of 36 participants answered the survey. The analysis identified four key themes: developing a scholarly identity, reciprocity in feedback, structuring engagement and broadening research perspectives. Participants highlighted the event's role in strengthening academic confidence and fostering a sense of belonging. A shift towards peer-driven feedback and structured engagement in 2024 reflected increasing demand for organised discussions and thematic breakout sessions. These findings support the event's function as a dynamic Community of Practice, where participants co-construct knowledge, refine collaborative processes and navigate interdisciplinary learning.
The PhD Virtual Connect fosters scholarly engagement, mentorship and interdisciplinary exchange as an evolving virtual Community of Practice. While it sustains meaningful academic interaction, addressing digital inequities, enhancing interactive elements and formalising mentorship structures will be key to ensuring long-term inclusivity and engagement. Future research should examine the long-term impact of the virtual Community of Practice on academic career trajectories and professional networking in doctoral education.
No Patient or Public Contribution. This study focused on PhD nursing students' experiences in a virtual scholarly event, involving only academic participants. As it was not a healthcare intervention or service-related study, patient or public involvement was not applicable.
To describe the challenges related to the flow of medication information in home care, their contributing factors, and home care registered nurses' and nurse leaders' views on preventing them.
A descriptive qualitative study.
Six group and one individual semi-structured interview were conducted remotely with 15 home care registered nurses and nurse leaders between 12 February 2023 and 9 November 2023 in Finland. The data were analysed using reflexive thematic analysis.
We identified four main themes related to the challenges of medication information flow: the complexity of home care work in cooperation and the medication process, technology-related challenges, the healthcare professionals' individual factors and client-related challenges. These factors contributed to the challenges: the lack of healthcare professionals' resources, the healthcare professionals' attitudes to work and individual characteristics, the lack of healthcare professionals' uniform practices and client-related factors. Preventing challenges and incidents: strengthening standard healthcare practices, increasing healthcare resources, improving the individual factors of healthcare professionals, and guiding the client in the management of medication.
The medication information flow can be improved by discussing standard practices for the flow of medication information in home care and between home care and hospital teams.
It is crucial to identify challenges, contributing factors and prevention in the medication information flow from the home care registered nurses' and nurse leaders' perspective. These elements play an important role in developing medication information flow by collaborating extensively with other healthcare providers, clients, and relatives.
Healthcare professionals, nurse leaders, and educators can utilise this study's findings to develop the flow of medication information within and between organisations.
The Standards for Reporting Qualitative Research checklist was used.
No patient or public contribution.
by Tetsuo Ichikawa, Tomoya Koda, Mio Kitamura, Takahiro Kishimoto, Takashi Matsuda, Takaharu Goto, Masayuki Domichi, Akiko Suganuma, Shinji Fujiwara, Yasuhiko Shirayama, Kazuhiko Kotani, Naoki Sakane
Sensory decline in older adults significantly affects quality of life and contributes to cognitive decline, depression, falls, and injuries. Although several studies exist in this area, most were focused on individual senses, with few being conducted on comprehensive assessments of all five senses. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between subjective sensory assessment and oral function, to developing health strategies. This study was conducted as part of the Mima-SONGS Study for examining relationships between oral, cognitive, and physical functions, social factors, nutrition, and health, in older adults living in a mountainous region of Japan. The cohort included 62 participants (40 women and 22 men; mean age: 80.8 yrs.) as of December 2023. Participants completed a questionnaire assessing sensory perception and eating enjoyment rated on a four-point scale. Oral health was evaluated based on the conditions of remaining teeth, tongue coating, oral dryness, occlusal force, oral diadochokinesis, and repetitive salivary swallow test. Sensory assessments indicated minimal overall issues, with auditory problems scoring the highest and taste/tactile issues scoring the lowest. Males scored higher in hearing and maximum occlusal force. Eating enjoyment was generally high and negatively correlated with olfactory and taste problems. Subjective sensory issues were less strongly associated with oral function and age. Most older adults were not subjectively aware of sensory problems, especially olfaction, taste, and tactile problems. Subjective sensory problems showed a moderate but meaningful association with oral health conditions and age. The findings might be valuable data developing future support measures.Surgical site infection is a post-operative complication, which has a significant clinical impact on the affected individual as well as the healthcare system. They are associated with poor outcomes such as increased length of hospital stay, morbidity, mortality and readmissions. As a result, surgical site infections are used as an indicator of the quality of surgical care and for benchmarking. The aim of the review is to gain insight on the current prevalence/incidence and surveillance of surgical site infection in South Africa. The objective was to determine the surgical site infection rate associated with Maxillo-facial and Oral Surgery procedures. A literature review was conducted with the search strategy limited to articles published in English with no limitation to the period. Fifteen articles were deemed eligible for the review according to the inclusion criteria. Eleven articles focused on the epidemiology of surgical site infection in South Africa. The surgical site infection rate varies from 0.65-48% with heterogeneity in the characteristics of the surveillance programmes. The review showed variability in the SSI rates with similar variability in the incidence of surgical site infection as reported on sub-Saharan and African countries (7.93, 9.3, 19.1, 14.5% respectively). The above information was gleaned from institutional point/period prevalence or incidences due to a lack of an integrated national surveillance programme. Thus, there is an urgent necessity to establish an integrated national surveillance programme to facilitate monitoring as well as prevention of surgical site infection in South Africa.
This study aims to explore the negative emotions experienced by nurses following medication errors.
Mixed-method systematic review.
A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, PsycINFO and Google Scholar for studies published in English between January 2013 and October 2024. The Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal tool was used to assess article quality and data were analysed through qualitative content analysis.
From 1619 screened studies, 19 were selected: 14 qualitative, 3 quantitative and 2 mixed-method. The negative emotions experienced by nurses, as second victims of medication errors, can be categorised into 8 groups: Fear, anger, disturbance, sadness, shame, guilt, low self-esteem and depression. Additionally, the following 11 types of fear were identified: Fear of judgement, disrespect, losing one's job, getting scolded and contempt, retaliation and punishment, reaction, consequences, disciplinary actions and lawsuits, patient's well-being, reporting a medication error and losing patient's/their families' trust. Furthermore, two types of shame were identified: Internal and external shame.
The negative emotions that nurses experience as second victims can persist long after the error occurs. It underscores the need for structured psychological support systems to foster a culture of ‘responsibility without blame’.
Addressing nurses' emotional challenges as second victims enhances their well-being and improves global healthcare safety and quality.
These findings highlight the need for healthcare leaders and policymakers to implement interventions that foster a supportive, non-punitive workplace with the aim of improving the emotional well-being of nurses following medication errors.
The study adhered to PRISMA guidelines.
None.
Prospero code: CRD42023439304.
To deliver palliative care, it is important to understand what a “good death” means to the relevant people. Such studies have mostly occurred in high-income settings that usually live by Western ideals. What matters to people is likely to vary across different regions of the world, influenced by multiple factors. Although there is a great need for palliative care in South Asia, there is a lack of comprehensive understanding of what a good death means in this setting. This study aimed to increase understanding of what is considered a good death in South Asia.
Systematic review and narrative synthesis.
A systematic search was conducted across eight databases, an Advanced Google search, and a bibliography search of selected articles. A data-based convergent synthesis was performed, along with quality appraisal.
Twenty-five empirical studies were selected for analysis from India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, and Bhutan. Four themes emerged. Mutual care and connection support a continued sense of self: contributing to others, while receiving connection through relationships and spiritual practices, was important for patients and supported by families and healthcare workers. Freedom to choose—privilege or burden?: the choice to participate in care was necessary for some patients but a burden for others, who preferred the family to lead their care. Severe uncontrolled pain and financial distress precluded choice for some patients, who felt death was the only option. Decisions regarding artificial prolongation of life were complex for patients and healthcare workers. Opportunities in the last days: when actively dying, there was general agreement on the importance of being pain-free, feeling safe, and having family present. Home was not always the preferred place of death. For family, it was critical to perform last rites. After death matters: What happens after death—influenced by leaving a legacy and religious beliefs—affected all parties before, during, and post-death.
To our knowledge, this is the first review of what a good death means in South Asia. There is a dearth of research from most South Asian countries. Although the South Asian perspective has similarities with the Western perspective, we note important nuances around decision-making, prolongation of life, prognostic awareness, and wanting to end one's life, moderated by culture, religion, and poverty. We support policies that account for these variations. Ongoing work is required to provide good symptom management, thus increasing opportunities for patient participation in care. Further research is needed in areas of ethics and religion at the end of life in South Asia.
To identify and synthesise recommendations and guidelines for mental health chatbot conversational design.
Integrative review.
Suitable publications presenting recommendations or guidelines for mental health conversational design were included. The quality of included publications was assessed using Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Tools. Thematic analysis was conducted.
Primary searches limited to last 10 years were conducted in PubMed, Scopus, ACM Digital Library and EBSCO databases including APA PsycINFO, CINAHL, APA PsycArticles and MEDLINE in February 2023 and updated in October 2023. A secondary search was conducted in Google Scholar in May 2023.
Of 1684 articles screened, 16 publications were selected. Three overarching themes were developed: (1) explicit knowledge about chatbot design and domain, (2) knowing your audience and (3) creating a safe space to engage. Results highlight that creating pleasant and effective conversations with a mental health chatbot requires careful and professional planning in advance, defining the target group and working together with it to address its needs and preferences. It is essential to emphasise the pleasant user experience and safety from both technical and psychological perspectives.
Recommendations for mental health chatbot conversational design have evolved and become more specific in recent years. Recommendations set high standards for mental health chatbots. To meet that, co-design, explicit knowledge of the user needs, domain and conversational design is needed.
Mental health professionals participating in chatbot development can utilise this review. The results can also inform technical development teams not involving healthcare professionals directly.
Knowledge of developing mental health chatbot conversations appears scattered. In mental health chatbots, features that enhance the chatbot's ability to meet users' needs and increase safety should be considered. This review is useful for developers of mental health chatbots and other health applications used independently.
This integrative review was reported according to PRISMA guidelines, as applicable.
No patient or public contribution.
by Shouhei Hanaoka, Yukihiro Nomura, Naoto Hayashi, Issei Sato, Soichiro Miki, Takeharu Yoshikawa, Hisaichi Shibata, Takahiro Nakao, Tomomi Takenaga, Hiroaki Koyama, Shinichi Cho, Noriko Kanemaru, Kotaro Fujimoto, Naoya Sakamoto, Tomoya Nishiyama, Hirotaka Matsuzaki, Nobutake Yamamichi, Osamu Abe
A general-purpose method of emphasizing abnormal lesions in chest radiographs, named EGGPALE (Extrapolative, Generative and General-Purpose Abnormal Lesion Emphasizer), is presented. The proposed EGGPALE method is composed of a flow-based generative model and L-infinity-distance-based extrapolation in a latent space. The flow-based model is trained using only normal chest radiographs, and an invertible mapping function from the image space to the latent space is determined. In the latent space, a given unseen image is extrapolated so that the image point moves away from the normal chest X-ray hyperplane. Finally, the moved point is mapped back to the image space and the corresponding emphasized image is created. The proposed method was evaluated by an image interpretation experiment with nine radiologists and 1,000 chest radiographs, of which positive suspected lung cancer cases and negative cases were validated by computed tomography examinations. The sensitivity of EGGPALE-processed images showed +0.0559 average improvement compared with that of the original images, with -0.0192 deterioration of average specificity. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of the ensemble of nine radiologists showed a statistically significant improvement. From these results, the feasibility of EGGPALE for enhancing abnormal lesions was validated. Our code is available at https://github.com/utrad-ical/Eggpale.To describe the contributing factors and types of reported medication incidents in home care related to the flow of information in different phases of the medication process, as reported by multi-professional healthcare groups.
This descriptive, qualitative study used retrospective data.
An incident-reporting database was used to collect 14,289 incident reports from 2017 to 2019 in a city in Finland. We used this data to select medication incidents (n = 1027) related to the flow of information in home care and between home care and hospitals. Data were divided into five groups based on the medication phase: (1) prescribing, (2) dispensing, (3) administration, (4) documentation and (5) self-administration. In addition, the types of medication-related incidents were described. The data were examined using abductive content analysis. The EQUATOR SRQR checklist was used in this report.
Four main categories were identified from the data: (1) issues related to information management, (2) cooperation issues between different actors, (3) work environment and lack of resources and (4) factors related to healthcare workers. Cooperation issues contributed to medication-related incidents during each phase. Incomplete communication was a contributing factor to medication incidents. This occurred between home care, remote care, hospital, the client and the client's relatives. Specifically, a lack of information-sharing occurred in repatriation situations, where care transitioned between different healthcare professionals.
Healthcare professionals, organisations, clients and their relatives should focus on the efficient and safe acquisition of medications. Specifically, the use of electronic communication systems, together with oral reports and checklists for discharge situations, and timely cooperation with pharmacists should be developed to manage information flows.
These findings demonstrate that healthcare professionals require uniform models and strategies to accurately and safely prescribe, dispense and administer medications in home care settings.
No patient or public contributions.
The Park-Bench Position (PBP) is associated with a high incidence rate of intraoperatively acquired pressure injuries (IAPIs). Preventive measures must be established to prevent the development of IAPIs. We investigated the risk factors for PBP by applying a soft silicone multilayered foam dressing (SMD) under core temperature management to prevent IAPIs. We conducted a prospective, single-centre, open-label observational study of patients undergoing elective neurosurgery operations using PBP in a university hospital in Japan. The incidence rate of IAPIs in this study was compared with that in our two previous studies, in which a film dressing was applied and core temperature management was not performed. IAPIs developed in 90 patients (6.7%); in the lateral thoracic region in five patients and the iliac crest region in one patient. The operative time (every 1 h: p = 0.0001, OR: odds ratio 3.62, 95% CI: confidence interval 1.73–11.42) was significantly associated with the incidence of IAPIs. In our two previous studies, the incidence rate of IAPIs was 11.0% and 24.1%, respectively, when film dressing was used. SMD may weaken the involvement of risk factors in IAPIs.
FreshRSS 