Adolescent health is critical for achieving Sustainable Development Goal 3, ‘health for all at all ages’. In sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), mining projects hold promise for social and economic development. Yet, the extent to which the health and well-being of adolescents are impacted by industrial mining is poorly understood. In this paper, we aim to investigate how adolescent health and well-being is perceived by key informants and caregivers in communities that have been affected by industrial mining projects in Mozambique.

A qualitative study was implemented from May–July 2022 in two rural districts in Mozambique’s northern and central regions. Both districts have large industrial mining projects: a coal mine in Moatize district and a mineral sands mine in Moma district.

A total of 21 key informant interviews (KIIs) were conducted with a range of stakeholders, including health professionals and civil society and private sector representatives. In addition, four focus group discussions (FGDs) were conducted with adolescents’ caregivers.

Through the combined results from the KIIs and FGDs, four main health concerns affecting adolescents in mining areas were identified: sexually transmitted infections, respiratory tract infections, diarrhoeal diseases and malaria. Mining activities were perceived to exacerbate negative health effects and contribute to poor health outcomes among adolescents. Although mining companies invested in public infrastructure, most participants did not perceive this investment as a positive contribution to the health and well-being of adolescents.

Our study sheds light on the multifaceted challenges perceived by stakeholders that adolescents residing in mining communities in Mozambique face. Insufficient priority is given to effective interventions that specifically target adolescent health in the two study mining areas. In order to leave no one behind, as stipulated by the sustainable development agenda, more emphasis should be placed on the role and responsibility of mining companies in adequately addressing adolescents’ unique health needs in mining settings in SSA.