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Virtual reality is an emerging non-drug treatment for pain caused by endoscopy procedure. We conducted a meta-analysis to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of virtual reality based interventions for pain during endoscopy.
PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, Web of Science and Clinical Trials database were searched until 26 May 2024. Randomised controlled trials on the application of virtual reality in endoscopic examinations were included. The standardised mean difference (SMD) was calculated using random-effects models, and included studies were appraised using Cochrane Risk of Bias tool version 1. Meta- analysis was conducted using Stata Statistical Software version 17.0.
Overall, 21 studies enrolling 1721 participants were included. Our results demonstrated that the patients receiving the virtual reality intervention had lower pain scores than those receiving the usual care (SMD = −0.42; 95% CI = −0.65, −0.20). Subgroup analysis showed that real-time assessment of pain scores during the medical process had less heterogeneity (I 2 = 20.2%, p = 0.257) and a smaller range of confidence intervals (95% CI = −0.43, −0.14) than retrospective assessment (95% CI = −0.75, −0.09). For different types of endoscopes, virtual reality was statistically significant for reducing pain during colonoscopy (SMD = −0.70; 95% CI = −1.12, −0.28), cystoscopy (SMD = −0.28; 95% CI = −0.53, −0.04) and laparoscopy (SMD = −0.54; 95% CI = −0.98, −0.10). Additionally, statistically significant improvements in relieving anxiety were reported when using virtual reality (SMD = −0.56; 95% CI = −0.78, −0.35).
The application of virtual reality can effectively relieve the pain and anxiety of endoscopy. The types of endoscopy and the way of retrospective evaluation of pain scores were the main sources of heterogeneity. More rigorous studies about the relationship between virtual reality and endoscopic pain relief will be needed.
The application effect of virtual reality technology on endoscopy was verified by summarising several randomised controlled trials. Patients and healthcare providers can be better informed about the use of such intervention to relieve pain.
Virtual reality is recommended as being potentially useful and practical for reducing the pain of endoscopy.
In China, nursing information systems (NIS) implementation can face numerous barriers to acceptance, including the attitudes of potential users. However, few studies have evaluated this acceptance.
The aim of this study was to explain the acceptance of NIS utilizing a survey based on unified theory of acceptance and use of technology.
A multi-center cross-sectional study utilizing an online survey was conducted. SPSS AMOS was used to conduct a structural equation modelling analysis. This research followed the STROBE Checklist.
A total of 3973 Nurses participated in the study between January 2023 and March 2023. The acceptance of NIS among nurses was overall moderate to high. The proposed model has been rigorously tested and validated using empirical data, ensuring its credibility and dependability. Performance expectancy (PE), social influence (SI), and attitude significantly and positively affected intentions to use NIS. Effort expectancy (EE) did not show any significant effects in the sample. Facilitating conditions (FCs) was found to have a negative relationship with the intention to use NIS. There was a statistically significant difference BI between the different age groups, working years, and computer training experience. The model demonstrates a good fit with the observed data.
This study identified PE, SI, and attitude as facilitators of nurses' intentions to use NIS. The findings about EE indicates that the ease of using NIS does not seem to be a concern among nurses. Moreover, high FC might be perceived as indicative of a complex system or extensive usage, that can lead to increased workload and reduced behavioural intention (BI). The significant differences in BI among various demographic groups highlight the need for more studies understanding the preferences and barriers faced by different, levels of experience and training backgrounds.
No patient or public contribution.
To summarize evidence from systematic reviews (SRs)/meta-analyses (MAs) regarding the impact of dyadic interventions delivered to both members of a cancer dyad, including a cancer patient and caregiver (e.g. family caregiver, intimate partner).
This overview of SRs was conducted in accordance with the preferred reporting items for overviews of reviews statement.
A comprehensive search of multiple databases, including PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase, CINAHL, Web of Science, China National Knowledge Infrastructure and Wan Fang. The methodological and reporting quality of SRs and MAs was assessed using the Assessing the Methodological Quality of Systematic Reviews 2. The quality of the included SRs/MAs was evaluated using the Grades of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation approach.
Eighteen SRs/MAs undertook quantitative synthesis to assess the impact of dyadic interventions on cancer dyads. Both the credibility of the SRs/MAs and the evidence quality of the outcome measures were below satisfactory standards. Prior SRs/MAs revealed several limitations such as lack of pre-published protocols or research objectives, failure to report excluded studies and insufficient details on funding sources for individual studies.
Dyadic interventions may prove advantageous for the physical health and dyadic adjustment of cancer dyads. Nevertheless, the reported results of dyadic interventions on the psychological health of patient–caregiver dyads affected by cancer are inconsistent. Thus, rigorous and comprehensive studies are requisite to establish reliable evidence for conclusive determinations.
The findings of this overview can guide healthcare practitioners when considering the use of dyadic interventions for cancer dyads. Moreover, these findings have the potential to enhance the integration of these approaches into clinical practice.
Our paper presents an overview of systematic reviews, and therefore, such specific details may not be relevant to our study.
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