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This study aims to explore the negative emotions experienced by nurses following medication errors.
Mixed-method systematic review.
A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, PsycINFO and Google Scholar for studies published in English between January 2013 and October 2024. The Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal tool was used to assess article quality and data were analysed through qualitative content analysis.
From 1619 screened studies, 19 were selected: 14 qualitative, 3 quantitative and 2 mixed-method. The negative emotions experienced by nurses, as second victims of medication errors, can be categorised into 8 groups: Fear, anger, disturbance, sadness, shame, guilt, low self-esteem and depression. Additionally, the following 11 types of fear were identified: Fear of judgement, disrespect, losing one's job, getting scolded and contempt, retaliation and punishment, reaction, consequences, disciplinary actions and lawsuits, patient's well-being, reporting a medication error and losing patient's/their families' trust. Furthermore, two types of shame were identified: Internal and external shame.
The negative emotions that nurses experience as second victims can persist long after the error occurs. It underscores the need for structured psychological support systems to foster a culture of ‘responsibility without blame’.
Addressing nurses' emotional challenges as second victims enhances their well-being and improves global healthcare safety and quality.
These findings highlight the need for healthcare leaders and policymakers to implement interventions that foster a supportive, non-punitive workplace with the aim of improving the emotional well-being of nurses following medication errors.
The study adhered to PRISMA guidelines.
None.
Prospero code: CRD42023439304.
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