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This study was conducted to determine whether Naoxintong capsules may enhance wound healing and reduce postoperative complications in individuals having craniotomies. A total of 120 patients at Tongji Hospital, Shanghai, participated in this clinical perspective study conducted from April 2022 to June 2023. Participants were divided into treatment group (n = 60), receiving standard care plus Naoxintong capsules and control group (n = 60), receiving standard care only. Primary outcomes included the rate of wound healing, while secondary outcomes encompassed postoperative complications and patient-reported outcomes on pain and quality of life. The treatment group exhibited significantly enhanced wound healing rate than the control at Day 7 (40.33 vs. 25.67%, p < 0.05), Day 14 (75.17 vs. 50.83%, p < 0.05) and Day 28 (94.83 vs. 79.50%, p < 0.05). Postoperative complications were markedly reduced in the treatment group, with lower rates of infection (p < 0.05), wound dehiscence (p < 0.05) and cerebrospinal fluid leakage (p < 0.05). Furthermore, patient-reported outcomes significantly favoured the treatment group, with reduced pain scores and improved quality of life at 4 weeks post-surgery(p < 0.05). Naoxintong capsules thus significantly enhanced the wound healing and reduced postoperative complications, contributing to improved patient-reported outcomes in post-craniotomy patients. These findings advocated for the integration of Naoxintong in postoperative care, highlighting the potential of traditional Chinese medicine in modern surgical recovery protocols. Further studies with larger cohorts are recommended to validate these findings and explore the underlying mechanisms.
Safe and effective arteriovenous fistula (AVF) puncture is very important to reduce the wound complications of haemodialysis (HD). For AVF puncture in dialysis patients, there is a lack of clarity and consistency regarding the relative advantage of buttonhole (BH) over rope-ladder (RL) cannulae in terms of wound complications. The study was published in several scientific databases including Cochrane Library, PubMed and Embase by October 2023. Data from all controlled trials looking at the effect of BH and RL on wound complications in haemodialysis patients were included. The articles were written in English, and they were about adult who had AVF while on dialysis. Studies with or without BH or RL treatment were excluded from the analysis. The data was analysed with RevMan5.3 software. Out of 215 trials, 9 were chosen for the final analysis. The study publication dates were between 2000 and 2023. Of these, 17 326 patients received AVF therapy. Among them, there were 3070 BH and 14 256 RL. In 9 studies, RL had a lower risk of postoperative wound infection compared to BH (OR, 3.38; 95% CI, 3.06, 3.73 p < 0.0001); In all 3 studies, there were no statistically significant differences in the risk of post operative bleeding in RL versus BH(OR, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.25, 2.33 p = 0.63). Our studies have demonstrated that RL trocars are superior to BH trocars in the prevention of wound infection.
The correlation between sub-epidermal moisture (SEM) and other early indicators of pressure ulcer (PU) development is yet to be determined. This three-part series aims to bridge this knowledge gap, through investigating SEM and its correlation with evidence-based technologies and assessments. This article focuses on the correlation between SEM and ultrasound. A prospective cohort observational study was undertaken between February and November 2021. Patients undergoing three surgery types were consecutively enrolled to the study following informed consent. Assessments were performed prior to and following surgery for 3 days at the sacrum, both heels and a control site, using a SEM scanner and high-frequency ultrasound scanner (5–15 MHz). Spearman's rank (r s ) explored the correlation between SEM and ultrasound. A total of 60 participants were included; 50% were male with a mean age of 58 years (±13.46). A statistically significant low to moderately positive correlation was observed between SEM and ultrasound across all anatomical sites (r s range = 0.39–0.54, p < 0.05). The only exception was a correlation between SEM and ultrasound on day 0 at the right heel (r s = 0.23, p = 0.09). These results indicate that SEM and ultrasound agreed in the presence of injury; however, SEM was able to identify abnormalities before ultrasound.
Pediatric otolaryngology surgeries are crucial interventions requiring careful consideration of surgical methods to optimize outcomes. The choice between open and minimally invasive surgical approaches in this context warrants thorough investigation. While both methods aim to address ear, nose, and throat conditions in children, a comparative study assessing their impact on crucial factors such as intraoperative parameters, wound healing, complications, and postoperative pain is essential. This study aims to compare the effects of open and minimally invasive surgical methods on wound healing and infection in pediatric otolaryngology surgery, and provide a scientific basis for the selection of surgical methods. Two groups of patients were selected, with 90 people in each group. One group received open surgery and the other received minimally invasive surgery. Recording the intraoperative time, anesthesia time, and intraoperative blood loss; the number of days required for wound healing; the occurrence of wound-related complications; the comparison of pain on postoperative Days 1, 3, and 7; and the factors influencing postoperative wound healing were analyzed. In the minimally invasive surgery group, the intraoperative time was shorter, the anesthesia time was relatively reduced, and the amount of bleeding was significantly reduced. Wounds also take fewer days to heal and have lower rates of wound-related complications. When comparing the pain on 1, 3, and 7 days after surgery, the minimally invasive surgery group had relatively mild pain. Analysis of postoperative wound healing factors showed that minimally invasive surgical methods have a positive impact on healing. In pediatric otolaryngology surgery, minimally invasive surgery performs better than open surgery in terms of intraoperative operation time, anesthesia time, blood loss, wound healing time, complication rate, and postoperative pain. Therefore, minimally invasive surgery may be a safer and more effective surgical method.
The process of wound healing in the dental pulp is characterized by intricate interplay of signalling cascades, cellular responses, and extracellular matrix (ECM). The objective of this research was to examine the intricate interaction between signalling cascades, cellular responses, and extracellular matrix (ECM) dynamics that comprise the wound healing process of dental pulp. We conducted a controlled laboratory analysis of transcriptomic landscape of dental pulp tissues, including both healthy and inflamed samples, utilizing single-cell RNA sequencing. We identified significant change in cellular composition under carious conditions by analysing samples from 50 patients. Specifically, the proportion of immune cells increased from 25% to 40%, while the proportion of fibroblasts decreased from 20% to 10%. A transition towards ECM remodelling and fibrosis was indicated by this change. In addition, substantial increase inexpression of critical genes including COL1A1, FN1, IL-1B, IL-6 and TNC was detected, indicating that the extracellular matrix (ECM) was actively remodelled and that a robust inflammatory response was present, both of which are vital for tissue repair. Increased cell–cell interactions among B cells, plasma cells, macrophages and MSCs, and fibroblasts were highlighted in our study, demonstrating the intricate cellular dynamics that occur in response to dental pulp injury. The knowledge gained regarding the cellular and molecular processes underlying pulp wound healing contributed to the advancement of knowledge regarding pulp pathology and regeneration. Moreover, it established a foundation for creation of targeted therapeutic interventions that seek to maximize pulp repair and regeneration. This study represented noteworthy achievement in the field of dental surgery, establishing a solid groundwork for subsequent investigations into regenerative medicine, wound healing, and dental tissue restoration.
Facial pressure ulcers from non-invasive ventilation (NIV) and challenges in wound healing post-maxillofacial surgery are significant concerns in clinical care. This meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of hydrocolloid dressings in these contexts. From a pool of 1135 articles, 8 studies met the inclusion criteria. Hydrocolloid dressings demonstrated a significant reduction in facial pressure ulcers for NIV patients, with lower REEDA scores 1-week postapplication (standardized mean difference [SMD] = −16.7, 95% confidence interval [CI]: −24.26 to −9.15, p < 0.01). In maxillofacial surgery, patients treated with hydrocolloid dressings exhibited improved wound healing and reduced scar formation, evidenced by lower Manchester Scar Scale scores 3 months post-surgery (SMD = −15.46, 95% CI: −20.28 to −10.64, p < 0.01). These findings suggest that hydrocolloid dressings are effective in both preventing NIV-related facial pressure ulcers and enhancing wound healing in maxillofacial surgery.
We report the first clinical evaluation of a new enzymatic wound debridement product containing tarumase in venous leg ulcer patients. As a first-in-human study, this was a prospective, open-label, multi-centre, dose escalation study across five dose cohorts and involving a total of 43 patients treated three times weekly for up to 4 weeks (12 applications). The primary and secondary endpoints of the study were to assess the systemic safety, local tolerability, and early proof of concept both for wound debridement and healing. Results indicated that the tarumase enzyme was well tolerated when applied topically to wounds, with no indications of systemic absorption, no evidence of antibody generation, and no systemic effects on coagulation pathways. Locally, there was no evidence of pain on application, no local itching, no increases in erythema, oedema, exudate or bleeding and only a few treatment emergent adverse events were reported. As the concentration of tarumase was escalated, trends towards faster and improved effectiveness of wound debridement were observed, especially in patients with significant slough at baseline. Trends towards faster rates of healing were also noted based on observations of increased granulation tissue, increased linear healing and reduction in surface area over the 4-week treatment period.
In the ongoing challenge to reduce burn-associated mortality rates, this study explores the predictive capacity of clinical factors in burn patients, focusing on vitamin D, calcium, and serum albumin levels during hospitalisation in cases with Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection. Our research involves a comprehensive analysis of 100 burn patients, encompassing crucial clinical parameters such as the burn severity index, serum albumin, vitamin D, and calcium levels at admission. Data were meticulously entered into IBM Statistics SPSS software version 28 and subjected to statistical analysis. The study reveals an average patient age of 39.75 years and a notable 34% mortality rate. Additionally, the average lengths of hospital and intensive care unit (ICU) stays are determined to be 11.33 and 7.79 days, respectively. Significantly, a correlation between calcium and albumin variables and treatment outcomes is established, showcasing their potential to predict variable changes in patient mortality rates. Furthermore, a noteworthy association is observed between serum calcium levels and the duration of ICU hospitalisation. In conclusion, albumin and calcium variables emerge as sensitive and specific indicators for predicting outcomes in burn patients. Importantly, the independence of these factors from the physician's experience and diagnosis reduces human error and thus increases the accuracy of mortality prediction in this patient population.
To systematically evaluate the risk factors for wound infection at the surgical site after neurosurgical craniotomy by meta-analysis, and to provide an evidence-based basis for preventing the occurrence of wound infection. A computerised search of PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, China National Knowledge Infrastructure and Wanfang database was conducted for relevant studies on risk factors for surgical site wound infection after neurosurgical craniotomy published from the database inception to November 2023. Two researchers independently screened the literature, extracted the data and performed quality assessment in strict accordance with the inclusion and exclusion criteria. STATA 17.0 software was applied for data analysis. Overall, 18 papers with 17 608 craniotomy patients were included, of which 905 patients developed wound infections. The analysis showed that underlying diseases [OR = 2.50, 95% CI (1.68, 3.72), p < 0.001] and emergency surgery [OR = 2.47, 95% CI (1.80, 3.38), p < 0.001] were the risk factors for developing wound infections after craniotomy, age < 60 years [OR = 0.72, 95% CI (0.52, 0.98), p = 0.039] was a protective factor for wound infections; whereas sex [OR = 1.11, 95% CI (0.98, 1.27), p = 0.112] and the antimicrobial use [OR = 1.30, 95% CI (0.81 2.09), p = 0.276] were not associated with the presence or absence of wound infection after craniotomy. Underlying disease and emergency surgery are risk factors for developing wound infections after craniotomy, whereas age < 60 years is a protective factor. Clinicians can reduce the occurrence of postoperative wound infections by communicating with patients in advance about the possibility of postoperative wound infections based on these factors, and by doing a good job of preventing postoperative wound infections.
Chronic wounds have been a major factor of serious harm to global public health. At present, it is known that almost all chronic wounds contain biofilms, which seriously hinder the healing process. Removal of biofilms can effectively promote the healing of chronic wounds. As the study of wound biofilms deepens, many new treatment methods have emerged, thus bringing revolutionary means for the treatment of chronic wound biofilm. This review summarizes various methods for the treatment of chronic wound biofilm worldwide to provide a theoretical summary and practical basis for the selection of suitable wound biofilm treatment methods in clinical practice.
Cleansing is a vital component of effective wound hygiene and biofilm management, often accomplished through vigorous mechanical action or through soaking with moistened gauze. In the present study, a quantitative comparison of the effectiveness of different cleansing techniques and solutions in removing bacteria was conducted on 71 chronic wounds using bacterial fluorescence imaging as a real-time diagnostic for moderate to high bacterial loads. Vigorous gauze cleansing for 30 s proved most effective by reducing bacterial fluorescence by 33.99%, surpassing 10-min soaking in bacterial reduction (13.24%). Among different cleansers, no statistically significant differences in effectiveness were observed, but povidone-iodine showed the strongest trend towards bacterial reduction. Sub-analysis highlighted the superiority of antiseptic cleansers over saline and gentle soap (−33.30% vs. −1.80% bacterial reduction respectively). Five percent acetic acid was also shown to be more effective in removing specific bacterial strains (Pseudomonas aeruginosa). Findings from studies like this contribute to refining wound hygiene guidelines and clinical algorithms for bacterial and biofilm management.
Hip fracture surgeries are challenging, with postoperative pain management being a critical component of patient care. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to compare the effectiveness of Pericapsular nerve group block (PENGB) and fascia iliac compartment block (FICB) in postoperative wound pain management for patients undergoing hip fracture surgery. The study followed the PRISMA guidelines and was structured around the PICO framework. Comprehensive searches were conducted across PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library. Inclusion criteria were limited to RCTs comparing the effectiveness of PENGB and FICB in adult patients undergoing hip fracture surgery. Key outcomes included pain control effectiveness, safety, and complication incidence. The quality of studies was assessed using the Cochrane Collaboration's risk of bias tool. Statistical heterogeneity was evaluated using I 2 statistics, and meta-analysis effect values were calculated using random-effects or fixed-effect models, depending on the degree of heterogeneity. The search identified 1095 articles, with 5 studies meeting inclusion criteria. The meta-analysis revealed that PENGB and FICB were comparable in managing postoperative pain and opioid consumption. However, PENGB significantly reduced the incidence of quadriceps muscle weakness (RR = 0.12, p < 0.05) and did not increase the risk of PONV (RR = 1.36, p = 0.51), suggesting its advantage in maintaining motor function without adding to PONV complications. No significant publication bias was detected. PENGB is comparable to FICB in pain and opioid consumption management after hip fracture surgeries. Its significant benefit lies in reducing the incidence of quadriceps muscle weakness, facilitating better postoperative mobility. Additionally, PENGB does not increase the risk of postoperative nausea and vomiting, underlining its suitability for comprehensive postoperative care in hip fracture patients.
The combination of hyaluronic acid and iodine (Hyodine) has sparked interest in wound care and could have valuable applications in treating burn injuries. We aimed to provide valuable insight into the potential advantages, limitations, and implications of using Hyodine in burn wound management. We studied 25 male rats to assess the clinical outcomes and wound-healing effects of Hyodine. Each rat received a deep second-degree burn wound on their back using metal stamps. Subsequently, the rats were then randomly split into two groups. The first group was treated with a layer of Hyodine gel, while the second group received Vaseline. The burn sites were photographed on days 1, 7, 14, and 21 using a digital camera. After excision of the burn wounds, histopathology slides were stained and evaluated in terms of the degree of epithelialization, angiogenesis, inflammatory cells' infiltration, and collagen amount and arrangement. Despite a non-significant difference regarding the extent of burn wound area between intervention and control groups in the first day of experiment, the rats that were treated with Vaseline showed a significant decrease compared to those who received Hyodine in the second and third weeks (p = 0.02). On the other hand, epithelialization, pathology score, and collagen synthesis were significantly different between days 7, 14, and 21 of each group. However, collagen arrangement and neovascularization were only significantly different between days 7, 14, and 21 in Hyodine group (p = 0.02 and p = 0.03, respectively). The Hyodine gel may offer beneficial outcomes in patients with a burn wound. Based on our findings, despite a non-significant difference in the extent of burn wound area, using Hyodine revealed a significant improvement in different histopathological variables including neovascularization, and collagen arrangement.
This meta-analysis systematically evaluates the impact of thoracoscopic lobectomy on wound infection and complications in lung cancer patients. An extensive computerized search was conducted using PubMed, Embase, Google Scholar, Cochrane Library, China National Knowledge Infrastructure and Wanfang databases for studies comparing thoracoscopic lobectomy with open thoracotomy in the treatment of lung cancer, covering the period up to September 2023. Two researchers independently screened the literature, extracted data and assessed the quality according to predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Data analysis was performed using Stata 17.0 software. Ultimately, 21 studies involving 2118 lung cancer surgery patients were included. The analysis revealed that thoracoscopic lobectomy significantly reduced the incidence of wound infections (odds ratio [OR] = 0.22, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.13–0.37, p < 0.001) and complications (OR = 0.27, 95% CI: 0.21–0.36, p < 0.001) in lung cancer surgery patients, and also significantly shortened hospital stays (standardized mean difference = −2.07, 95% CI: −2.39 to −1.76, p < 0.001). This study indicates that compared with conventional open thoracotomy, thoracoscopic lobectomy in the treatment of lung cancer reduces the incidence of wound infections and complications and shortens hospital stays, demonstrating significant therapeutic efficacy and warranting broader clinical application.
Traditional Hartmann surgery is used when the patient is in an acute case where it might not be safe to carry out a one-stage intestinal anastomosis. Laparoscopy has been extensively applied in the treatment of large intestine, which can significantly improve both short- and long-term outcomes. While randomized, controlled studies and reviews have shown that laparoscopy is superior to that of open-access colectomy, the impact of Hartmann's surgery on postoperative site infections has not been studied. The purpose of this study is to summarize the existing evidence to show that laparoscopy is better than open operation in the area of injury. Methods The Embase, PubMed and Cochrane Libraries were searched from the moment the database was created until November 2023. For binary results, the odds ratio was estimated, and a weighted average of consecutive results was calculated. Our findings indicate that there is a lower risk for SSIs after laparoscopic approach surgery than an open-access procedure (OR, 0.26; 95% CI, 0.10, 0.69, p = 0.006); Laparoscopy was associated with a reduction in the risk of dying after surgery (OR, 0.50; 95% CI, 0.30, 0.84, p = 0.009); The operation time was not significantly different in open and laparoscope (MD, 12.23; 95% CI, −5.63, 30.09, p = 0.18); laparoscopy was used to lower the incidence of SSI after surgery and to lower the mortality rate after surgery than by open-access surgery. However, the time of operation did not differ significantly among the two methods. However, further controlled trials will need to be carried out to verify the results.
This is a study assessing the effectiveness of staples versus sutures for closing incisions after total hip arthroplasty (THA). We searched all relevant literature up to July 2023, and after reading through the full text, we finally included 5 for analysis, with a total of 1084 cases who underwent total hip arthroplasty, of which 548 were closed with staples and 536 with sutures, and evaluated the risk of bias with the Cochrane Risk of Bias Assessment Tool, using the ratio of ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) to compare the effectiveness of staples and sutures in wound closure in total hip arthroplasty. The study found that the suture group was superior to the staple group in terms of superficial infection and incisional exudate; superficial infection (OR = 3.04, 95% CI: 1.14–8.07; p = 0.03, I 2 = 0%), incisional exudate (OR = 3.22, 95% CI: 1.84–5.65; p < 0.001, I 2 = 0%) and suture staples were superior to suture group in terms of closure time (WMD = −231.8 95% CI: −429.55 to −34.05; p = 0.02, I 2 = 100%). There was no remarkable distinction between the two groups in terms of deep infection, postoperative hospital, HWES score and patient's satisfaction, deep infection (OR = 1.24, 95% CI: 0.35–4.35; p = 0.74, I 2 = 0%), postoperative hospital (WMD = 2.50 95% CI: −2.25 to 7.25; p = 0.30, I 2 = 100%), HWES score (WMD = −0.38 95% CI: −0.52 to −0.24; p < 0.01, I 2 = 72%) and patient's satisfaction (WMD = −0.23 95% CI: −1.43 to 0.96; p = 0.70, I 2 = 94%); however, due to the small sample sizes of several studies included in this study, caution must be exercised when addressing their value.
A meta-analysis was conducted to comprehensively evaluate the impact of negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT) on wound infection and healing in patients with open fracture wounds. Computer searches were performed in EMBASE, Google Scholar, Cochrane Library, PubMed, Wanfang and China National Knowledge Infrastructure databases for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on the application of NPWT in open fracture wounds, with the search period covering the databases inception to September 2023. Two researchers independently screened the literature, extracted data and conducted quality assessments. Stata 17.0 software was employed for data analysis. Overall, 17 RCTs involving 1814 patients with open fracture wounds were included. The analysis revealed that compared with other treatment methods, NPWT significantly shortened the wound healing time (standardized mean difference [SMD] = −2.86, 95% confidence intervals [CI]: −3.51 to −2.20, p < 0.001) and fracture healing time (SMD = −3.14, 95% CI: −4.49 to −1.79, p < 0.001) in patients with open fracture wounds. It also significantly reduced the incidence of wound infection (odds ratio [OR] = 0.36, 95% CI: 0.23–0.56, p < 0.001) and complications (OR = 0.29, 95% CI: 0.20–0.40, p < 0.001). This study indicates that in the treatment of open fracture wounds, NPWT, compared with conventional treatment methods, can accelerate the healing of wounds and fractures, effectively control infections and reduce the occurrence of complications, demonstrating high safety.
The present study aimed to investigate the comparative efficacy of proactive perioperative nursing interventions versus conventional perioperative nursing care in improving wound healing, reducing the incidence of surgical site infections (SSIs) and enhancing patient satisfaction among paediatric patients undergoing elective open abdominal surgery. A total of 100 paediatric patients were enrolled in a randomised controlled trial at our hospital between January 2021 and December 2022. Inclusion criteria were patients aged <18 years who met the requirements for surgical intervention and had no contraindications to surgery or anaesthesia. Patients were randomly assigned to either an observation group receiving proactive perioperative nursing care, or a control group subjected to conventional care. Primary outcome measures included surgical incision healing grades (A, B, C), infection rates confirmed by bacterial culture within 30 days post-surgery, patient satisfaction scores and length of hospital stay. Comprehensive statistical analyses were performed using IBM's SPSS software (version 27.0). Both groups demonstrated statistically similar baseline demographics and surgical parameters. However, the observation group showed significant improvement in wound healing outcomes (Grade A) and decreased incidence of complications (Grade C) and infections compared to the control group (P < 0.05). Patient satisfaction was significantly higher in the observation group, with 80% of patients reporting satisfaction as opposed to 20% in the control group (p < 0.05). The distribution of pathogenic bacteria in SSIs predominantly included Escherichia coli (E. coli), Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterococcus spp., Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Proactive perioperative nursing interventions demonstrate considerable benefits in improving wound healing, reducing surgical site infection rates and enhancing patient satisfaction in elective open abdominal surgery settings. However, these results require validation through large-scale trials.
In recent years, breast conservation surgery (BCS) and modified radical mastectomy (MRM) have been widely used in the treatment of early-stage breast cancer. However, the effects of complications from these two surgical methods are still unclear. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of BCS and MRM on postoperative wound complications in patients with early breast cancer. Eighty-eight patients with early breast cancer were randomly divided into BCS group (n = 46) and MRM group (n = 42). The occurrence of postoperative wound complications was compared between the two groups. The results showed that BCS patients had significantly lower intraoperative surgical times, blood losses, incision lengths, drainage volumes, drainage times and lengths of hospital stays than their MRM counterparts (p < 0.05). The overall incidence of postoperative wound complications in the BCS group was significantly lower than that in the MRM group at 1 month after surgery, but the difference was not statistically significant (p < 0.001). The rate of excellent breast cosmetic outcome was significantly higher in the BCS group than in the MRM group (p < 0.001). Compared to MRM, BCS has a lower incidence of intraoperative and postoperative wound complications, better cosmetic outcomes and higher clinical value in the treatment of early-stage breast cancer.
Surgical site infections (SSIs) pose a significant complication following laparoscopic urological surgeries, impacting patient recovery and healthcare resources. Understanding the pathogen distribution and identifying associated risk factors for SSIs is critical for improving surgical outcomes. A retrospective analysis was performed on 90 patients, from March 2020 to June 2023, to investigate the risk factors and pathogen profiles in SSIs post-laparoscopic urological procedures. Patients with documented infections were compared to a control group without SSIs. Data on demographics, comorbidities and perioperative variables were collected. Pathogens were identified using the VITEK-2 Compact system. Statistical analyses included univariate and multivariate logistic regression models. Upon evaluation, demographic and clinical characteristics showed no significant variance in patients with SSIs compared to those without such infections. The predominant pathogen identified was Escherichia coli. Administration of prophylactic antibiotics correlated with a reduced incidence of SSIs, whereas an array of risk factors including surgery duration of 2 h or more, anaemia, white blood cell counts exceeding 10 × 109/L, a history of urinary tract infections, the presence of diabetes mellitus and incidences of urinary leakage post-surgery were identified as contributors to a heightened risk of SSIs. Prophylactic antibiotics serve as a protective factor against SSIs, whereas several modifiable risk factors, including operation duration, anaemia, elevated leukocytes, history of urinary infections, diabetes and urinary leakage, contribute to the increased risk.
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