The predictive value of carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV) for cardiovascular (CV) events in individuals with blood pressure (BP) 120–159/80–99 mm Hg, where more accurate risk stratification has the greatest clinical effect, is unknown. This study aims to determine whether cfPWV improves the prediction of CV events beyond traditional risk factors in individuals with moderate BP.

A systematic review and meta-analysis.

PubMed and EMBASE were searched through April 2023.

We included prospective, population-based cohort studies with ≥1 year follow-up that directly measured cfPWV as an index of arterial stiffness and reported incident CV disease (CVD), atherosclerotic CVD (ASCVD), coronary heart disease, stroke or all-cause mortality outcomes.

Individual participant data from 11 cohorts (n=15 987) were harmonised and analysed using two-stage random-effects meta-analysis. Incremental predictive and clinical utility analyses compared 10-year risk models with and without cfPWV.

There were 1279 first atherosclerotic CV events over a median follow-up of 9.9 years. A 1-SD increase in log_e(cfPWV) was associated with a 1.21-fold (95% CI 1.08 to 1.36) increase in risk of ASCVD. Adding cfPWV to traditional risk factors improved ASCVD prediction: change in discrimination (C-index): 0.0048 (95% CI 0.0002 to 0.0094), p=0.041. In hypothetical populations of 100 000 individuals with moderate BP, cfPWV-guided treatment could reduce event rates by 2.7% and 3.1% under European and US guidelines, respectively.

Adding cfPWV to traditional CV risk factors may improve the prediction and classification of first CV events in individuals with moderate BP. Additional screening with cfPWV could enhance risk stratification for antihypertensive treatment initiations.

Advancing equity, diversity and inclusion in health research trials is essential for improving health outcomes among priority populations. While evidence increasingly highlights the importance of cultural diversity in research trial leadership and participation, evidence-based strategies for enhancing this remain limited. This article outlines approaches to strengthen Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander involvement in health research trials, drawing on insights from community engagement at the Darwin (Northern Territory) trial site of the Australian Fans in Training (Aussie-FIT) project.

Community engagement at this site aimed to (1) build mutually beneficial relationships with community leaders, specifically Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander men; (2) codesign engagement standards to enhance the quality of engagement with these leaders and more broadly with local community members and stakeholders. A culturally diverse community advisory group was established, which codesigned engagement standards tailored to community needs and preferences.

While the codesigned standards supported Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander trial leadership and participation during the trial, the extensive consultation needed to build cross-cultural relationships and develop the standards meant they were finalised only after trial recruitment had ceased. As a result, researchers were unable to fully implement them in the early stages of the trial.

This paper shared and critically discussed approaches used in the early stages of the Aussie-FIT trial to foster more equitable and inclusive practices in research trials. Implementation of these approaches and community-informed recommendations has the potential to enhance research quality, build trust with priority populations and address participation inequities, thus supporting effective trial design and improved health outcomes.

This trial is registered with the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ACTRN12623000437662).