This study aims to examine the relationship between alcohol consumption patterns and hypertension in high-altitude populations. Additionally, it seeks to assess the mediating effects of metabolic factors on this association.

Cross-sectional study.

A subproject of a national survey conducted in high-altitude regions of Tibet, China.

A total of 53 460 residents aged 35–75 years were selected using multistage cluster sampling.

Hypertension was defined as a systolic blood pressure ≥140 mm Hg and/or a diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mm Hg, self-reported physician-diagnosed hypertension or current use of antihypertensive medications.

Multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to assess the association between different frequencies of alcohol consumption and hypertension. Simple and parallel multiple multicategorical mediation analyses were performed to estimate the individual and combined mediation effects of dyslipidaemia and obesity.

Finally, 50 044 participants were included in the analysis, with a hypertension prevalence of 42.97%. Among them, 41.3% were males, and the mean age was 51.12 years. Compared with non-drinkers, occasional alcohol consumption was not significantly associated with hypertension in the overall population. However, in subgroup analysis, it was linked to a 12% increase in odds among males (OR 1.12, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.24) and an 11% decrease among females (OR 0.89, 95% CI 0.81 to 0.97). The odds of hypertension rose significantly by 1.25 (95% CI 1.15 to 1.36), 1.23 (95% CI 1.12 to 1.36) and 1.51 (95% CI 1.37 to 1.65) times in the groups consuming alcohol two to four times a month, two to three times a week and ≥4 times a week, respectively. The indirect effects of these mediators were evident in the light-to-moderate alcohol consumption group but not in the heavy drinking group, a pattern that was also confirmed in sensitivity analyses.

This large-scale study underscores that the impact of occasional drinking on hypertension varies by gender, while consistent associations between frequent alcohol consumption and a higher prevalence of hypertension were observed. Given the differing mediating effects of metabolic abnormalities across individuals with varying alcohol consumption patterns, tailored interventions should be implemented. These findings provide valuable evidence to inform public health strategies to prevent hypertension.

To enhance nursing students’ critical thinking abilities, numerous educators have explored alternative teaching methods. While meta-analyses have confirmed that various approaches are effective in developing critical thinking, consensus regarding their comparative effectiveness remains elusive. Furthermore, few investigations have directly contrasted the outcomes across these methods, highlighting the necessity to undertake a comprehensive evaluation of their impact on nursing students’ critical thinking skills. Accordingly, this study aims to assess the effects of six teaching methods on nursing students’ critical thinking abilities.

A comprehensive literature search will be carried out up to May 2025 across various databases, such as PubMed, Embase, The Cochrane Library, Web of Science, OVID, CNKI, Wanfang Database and the China Biological Literature Database (CBM). The search strategy will specifically target randomised controlled trials meeting predefined inclusion criteria. Two independent reviewers will screen the selected studies and extract pertinent data. The methodological quality of the included studies will be assessed using the Cochrane risk of bias tool. A network meta-analysis will then be performed using Stata software, incorporating the following analytical components: heterogeneity, network evidence diagrams, publication bias plots, league tables, forest plots, subgroup analyses or meta-regression and sensitivity analyses. The Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) system will be leveraged to appraise the overall quality of evidence related to critical thinking abilities across all compared interventions.

No formal research ethics approval is required. The results will be submitted to a peer-reviewed journal for publication.

CRD42024618735.

Radiotherapy (RT) can cause a range of negative impacts in addition to the intended treatment impacts. Pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) may improve the physical and psychological conditions of patients with lung cancer receiving RT, but specific evidence is lacking. This review mapped the evidence on PR in patients with lung cancer receiving RT for intervention characteristics and outcome assessments.

PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL, Proquest, Web of Science, CNKI and WanFang were searched for studies from January 2003 to April 2025.

We included randomised controlled trials and non-randomised comparative intervention studies that included centre-based PR in patients ≥18 years with lung cancer who were receiving RT. PR was defined as any type of exercise, respiratory training, or both and/or at least one additional component (eg, psychological support). Studies were excluded if they were not available in English, were not full-text articles or were non-peer-reviewed.

Two reviewers independently screened titles, abstracts and full texts for inclusion and extracted data. PR components and the typology of outcome assessments used were mapped at the final data synthesis level.

Out of 3120 records, nine studies were investigated in the final data synthesis. In these studies, in addition to exercise or respiratory training, psychological support and disease education were the most common components of PR. Pulmonary function, quality of life, symptom assessment and exercise performance were commonly assessed outcomes in these included studies. Although the effectiveness of PR is difficult to synthesise, the evidence for improvements in exercise performance and symptoms of dyspnoea and anxiety/depression is promising.

Evidence on PR in patients with lung cancer receiving RT is sparse, and there is a heterogeneous understanding of PR. The development of standardised PR protocols and investigation of the capabilities of PR in this growing and under-represented patient population are essential.