Drug–drug interactions (DDIs) are a significant concern for patients on complex therapeutic regimens, especially involving cardiovascular medications, which are frequently implicated in these interactions.

This study used a standardised interaction database to determine the frequency, severity and risk factors associated with potential DDIs (pDDIs) among cardiovascular disease (CVD) in-patients.

The prospective cross-sectional study was conducted at a tertiary care hospital in Nepal from April 2024 to October 2024. A total of 106 eligible CVD in-patients were evaluated for pDDIs using the Lexicomp DDI checker database, and the interactions were categorised based on severity and risk rating. Binary logistic regression identified factors associated with pDDIs.

The study identified 621 pDDIs using the Lexicomp database, with median values of 8 pDDIs per patient. Patients with at least one pDDI comprised 64.2% of the sample. Most pDDIs were of moderate severity (77.3%) with risk ratings of C (65.7%). The most common cardiovascular medications involved in the detected DDI pairs were diuretics (31.2%), antiplatelets and anticoagulants (23.8%) and calcium channel blockers (12.2%). Multivariate binary logistic regression revealed that patients who stayed longer (adjusted OR (AOR) 9.08, 95% CI 1.027 to 80.216, p=0.047), those receiving more medications (AOR 18.85, 95% CI 2.975 to 119.370, p=0.002) and those who were admitted to the intensive cardiac care unit (AOR 16.31, 95% CI 2.728 to 97.461, p=0.002) were significantly more likely to experience pDDIs.

This study found a higher prevalence of pDDIs. It is advisable to incorporate medication reviews into routine cardiac care and use a drug interaction checker to identify pDDIs.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a major global health concern linked to cancers. Although a safe and effective vaccine exists, HPV vaccination rates are still low among Asian American and Pacific Islander (AAPI) populations. Barriers such as limited awareness, cultural stigma and systemic inequities contribute to this gap. This systematic review and meta-analysis aims to compile current evidence on HPV vaccination behaviours and related factors among AAPIs to help develop culturally tailored interventions and public health strategies.

This review will include descriptive and correlational studies (quantitative, qualitative and mixed methods), examining HPV vaccination intention or uptake among AAPI populations in the USA from inception to December 2024. Randomised controlled trials and intervention studies will be excluded. Databases to be searched include PubMed, CINAHL, PsycINFO and Cochrane. Study screening, data extraction and quality assessment will be conducted independently by three reviewers using standardised tools. Risk of bias in non-randomised studies will be assessed using Risk Of Bias In Non-randomised Studies of Interventions (ROBINS-I), and the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP) checklist will be used for qualitative studies. Quantitative findings will be synthesised narratively and, where appropriate, through meta-analysis using random-effects models. Qualitative themes will be synthesised to contextualise quantitative results.

Ethics approval is not required for this protocol as it does not involve primary data collection. Findings will be disseminated via peer-reviewed publications and conference presentations. Findings of this systematic review and meta-analysis will provide critical insights for promoting HPV vaccination and reducing HPV-related cancer disparities among AAPIs.

CRD420251008431.