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Anxiety disorders among youth with substance use and associated factors in Northwest Ethiopia: A community-based study

by Mamaru Melkam, Demeke Demilew, Tilahun Kassew, Biruk Fanta, Sewbesew Yitayih, Kassahun Alemu, Yassin Muhammed, Berhanie Getnet, Eden Abetu, Gebrekidan Ewnetu Tarekeg, Mohammed Oumer, Goshu Nenko

Introduction

Anxiety disorder is an unpleasant emotional feeling with symptoms related to psychological and autonomic symptoms such as headache, perspiration, palpitations, dizziness, and stomach discomfort. The use of substances become a worldwide problem among youth which brings situation that leads to serious social and health-related problems. Anxiety disorders with substance use have a huge impact on their high prevalence, therapeutic issues, and poor prognosis on clinical effects. Although the prevalence of anxiety disorders is significant among young people who use substances, limited studies were conducted. Therefore, this study revealed the burden of anxiety disorders among youth with substance use and associated factors in Ethiopia.

Method

A community-based multi-stage with a simple random sampling technique was conducted. A total of 372 substance users study participants were recruited for this study. Alcohol, Smoking, and Substance Involvement Screening Tests, Depression Anxiety Stress Scales, and other tools were used to assess anxiety disorders with substance use and associated factors. Data were entered into Epi-data version 4.6, and exported to SPSS version 20 for further analysis. Bi-variables logistic regression analysis was employed to identify variables with a p-value of Results

From a total of 372 respondents the overall prevalence of anxiety disorders with substance use was 48.1%. Male sex [AOR = 1.99; 95% CI: (1.01–3.93)], low educational status of the father [AOR = 6.38 95%CI: (1.50–7.08)], and the presence of stress [AOR = 2.48; 95% CI: 2.48(2.43–4.40)] were significantly associated factors with anxiety disorders with substances use.

Conclusions and recommendations

The prevalence of anxiety disorders with substance use was 48.1% therefore; it is recommended that the zonal administration give collaborative work with the health bureau and facilitate awareness creation about the impact of substance abuse. Clinicians are recommended to mitigate anxiety disorders with substance use to get a good prognosis for clients with controlling their stress.

Cohort profile: rationale and design of the Resource Center for Health Science (RECHS) project - a study of health hazards and medical cost burden among the Japanese population

Por: Morishita · T. · Takemura · M. · Hayashi · M. · Saito · K. · Yamamoto · Y. · Tsurumi · H. · Matsunami · H.
Purpose

The increased global burden of non-communicable diseases and mental disorders is an urgent health challenge for countries around the entire world, especially those experiencing super-ageing societies, where over 21% of the population is age 65 years or older. Japan is the world’s most rapidly ageing society, and as a result, medical costs are also rising dramatically. With the aims of establishing a foundational framework for future research efforts, primarily focusing on the development of a personal health record (PHR) system, and creating a long-term repository for bioresources integrated with PHRs, this study investigated potential health risks and future healthcare burdens based on a longitudinal analysis of health records.

Participants

The Resource Center for Health Science (RECHS) project is a long-term, prospective biobank project, population and health check-up-based cohort that primarily investigates the associations between lifestyle and environmental factors and some surrogate markers of non-communicable diseases, such as diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular disease and cancer. Starting in 2010, we initiated an annual cohort study among voluntary participants recruited from health check-up programmes and collected data from the following sources: a self-administered baseline questionnaire that included items on dietary habits and stress, a Brief Self-Administered Diet History Questionnaire, the Centre for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale and the General Health Questionnaire-28.

Findings to date

For this prospective cohort study, we planned to enrol approximately 10 000 participants. We collected and stored serum samples from all participants for future analyses. The study participants who still were able to participate in these health check-ups and their outcomes were then obtained from the measurements and questionnaire responses.

Future plans

Insights emerging from the RECHS study can provide researchers and public health policy administrators with evidence to aid in the prevention of non-communicable diseases and clarify the most malleable status to implement preventive measures.

Challenges with pediatric antiretroviral therapy administration: Qualitative perspectives from caregivers and HIV providers in Kenya

by Michala Sliefert, May Maloba, Catherine Wexler, Frederick Were, Yvonne Mbithi, George Mugendi, Edward Maliski, Zachary Nicolay, Gregory Thomas, Shadrack Kale, Nicodemus Maosa, Sarah Finocchario-Kessler

Background

Current formulations of pediatric antiretroviral therapy (ART) for children with HIV present significant barriers to adherence, leading to drug resistance, ART ineffectiveness, and preventable child morbidity and mortality. Understanding these challenges and how they contribute to suboptimal adherence is an important step in improving outcomes. This qualitative study describes how regimen-related challenges create barriers to adherence and impact families.

Methods

We conducted key informant interviews (KIIs) with 30 healthcare providers and 9 focus group discussions (FGDs) with a total of 72 caregivers, across three public hospitals in Siaya and Mombasa Kenya. The KIIs and FGDs were audio recorded, translated, and transcribed verbatim. The transcripts were hand coded based on emergent and a-priori themes.

Results

Caregivers discussed major regimen-related challenges to adherence included poor palatability of current formulations, complex preparation, and administration (including measuring, crushing, dissolving, mixing), complex drug storage, and frequent refill appointments and how these regimen-related challenges contributed to individual and intrapersonal barriers to adherence. Caregivers discussed how poor taste led to child anxiety, refusal of medications, and the need for caregivers to use bribes or threats during administration. Complex preparation led to concerns and challenges about maintaining privacy and confidentiality, especially during times of travel. Providers corroborated this patient experience and described how these challenges with administration led to poor infant outcomes, including high viral load and preventable morbidity. Providers discussed how the frequency of refills could range from every 2 weeks to every 3 months, depending on the patient. Caregivers discussed how these refill frequencies interrupted work and school schedules, risked unwanted disclosure to peers, required use of financial resources for travel, and ultimately were a challenge to adherence.

Conclusion

These findings highlight the need for improved formulations for pediatric ART to ease the daily burden on caregivers and children to increase adherence, improve child health, and overall quality of life of families.

Integration of cervical cancer screening into healthcare facilities in low- and middle-income countries: a scoping review protocol

Por: Kassa · R. N. · Shifti · D. M. · Alemu · K. · Omigbodun · A. O.
Background

Cervical cancer is the fourth most common malignancy in women, with 90% of deaths in low- and middle-income countries. Integrating cervical cancer screening services into healthcare facilities is crucial for overcoming the disease. Thus, this review aims to map existing evidence and identify barriers and facilitators in low- and middle-income countries.

Methods

The scoping review will employ a five-step framework as proposed by Arksey and O’Malley. These are (1) formulating the research questions, (2) identifying relevant studies, (3) selecting eligible studies, (4) charting the data, and (5) collating, summarising and reporting the results. Five databases (MEDLINE, Maternity and Infant Care, Scopus, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), and Web of Science) will be systematically searched. Grey literature will also be searched. Data will be extracted, charted, synthesised and summarised.

Ethics and dissemination

This review does not require ethics approval. Findings will be disseminated through peer-reviewed publications, policy briefs and conference presentations.

MAGA Republicans’ views of American democracy and society and support for political violence in the United States: Findings from a nationwide population-representative survey

by Garen J. Wintemute, Sonia L. Robinson, Elizabeth A. Tomsich, Daniel J. Tancredi

Background

Identifying groups at increased risk for political violence can support prevention efforts. We determine whether “Make America Great Again” (MAGA) Republicans, as defined, are potentially such a group.

Methods

Nationwide survey conducted May 13-June 2, 2022 of adult members of the Ipsos KnowledgePanel. MAGA Republicans are defined as Republicans who voted for Donald Trump in the 2020 presidential election and deny the results of that election. Principal outcomes are weighted proportions of respondents who endorse political violence, are willing to engage in it, and consider it likely to occur.

Findings

The analytic sample (n = 7,255) included 1,128 (15.0%) MAGA Republicans, 640 (8.3%) strong Republicans, 1,571 (21.3%) other Republicans, and 3,916 (55.3%) non-Republicans. MAGA Republicans were substantially more likely than others to agree strongly/very strongly that “in the next few years, there will be civil war in the United States” (MAGA Republicans, 30.3%, 95% CI 27.2%, 33.4%; strong Republicans, 7.5%, 95% CI 5.1%, 9.9%; other Republicans, 10.8%, 95% CI 9.0%, 12.6%; non-Republicans, 11.2%, 95% CI 10.0%, 12.3%; p Interpretation

MAGA Republicans, as defined, are more likely than others to endorse political violence. They are not more willing to engage in such violence themselves; their endorsement may increase the risk that it will occur.

Shepherding parents to prepare for end-of-life decision-making: a critical phenomenological study of the communication approach of paediatricians caring for children with life-limiting conditions in Australia

Por: Vemuri · S. · Hynson · J. · Williams · K. · O'Neill · J. · Gillam · L.
Background/objectives

Shared decision-making is widely accepted as the best approach for end-of-life decision-making for children with life-limiting conditions. Both paediatricians and parents find benefit in preparing for such decisions. However, little detail is known about this preparatory process. This study aims to explore how paediatricians prepare parents for end-of-life decision-making for a child with a life-limiting condition using clinical simulation.

Design

Individual, semistructured, post-simulation qualitative interviews of paediatricians and parent-actors.

Setting

Acute intensive and long-term outpatient paediatric care in Victoria, Australia.

Participants

18 purposively sampled paediatricians who treat children with life-limiting conditions and the two parent-actors involved in all simulations. Paediatricians were excluded if they assisted in the study design, worked within specialist palliative care teams or did not provide clinical care outside the neonatal period.

Results

Three key themes in a preparatory process (termed ‘shepherding’) were identified: (1) paediatricians aim to lead parents along a pathway to future end-of-life decisions, (2) paediatricians prefer to control the pace of these discussions and (3) paediatricians recognise they need to have courage to face risk with this preparation. Paediatricians use a variety of shepherding strategies to influence the pace, content and framing of discussions, which may help prepare parents to make the best end-of-life treatment decisions when the time comes.

Conclusions

Shepherding is a newly identified, subtle process intended to influence parents by guiding their understanding of their child’s health and potential suffering in advance of decision-making. Shepherding does not fit within current descriptions of physicians’ decision-making influence. Paced reflection, thinking and provision of information are shepherding strategies preferred by paediatricians, and these appear the same regardless of whether paediatricians intend to steer parents towards particular treatment decisions or simply prepare them for the process of decision-making. Further study about the intention of this influence and parental perception of this communication is needed.

El modelo Precede-Procede: un marco contextual para la salud comunitaria en entornos educativos

Las comunidades educativas tienen el potencial de proyectarse como nichos transformadores de las condiciones de vida a partir de la integración de sus actores en torno a la identificación de las necesidades en salud y la búsqueda de alternativas para resolverlas. En el marco de la maestría en Salud Pública de la Universidad de La Sabana se ha avanzado en estrategias para generar este vínculo, a través del acompañamiento en la formulación de un programa de salud comunitaria en un entorno educativo, basados en la adaptación del modelo Precede-Procede, un método para planear, conducir y evaluar intervenciones de educación para la salud. Teniendo en cuenta lo anterior, el objetivo es reflexionar sobre los aportes del modelo para la formulación de programas de salud comunitaria en entornos educativos, a propósito de la Atención Primaria en Salud (APS) y las políticas de entornos educativos saludables, considerando que son referentes normativos en el territorio colombiano. En síntesis, el modelo Precede-Procede se considera una opción favorable para la formulación de programas de salud en el contexto educativo porque privilegia el enganche y la participación comunitaria; aborda problemáticas contextualizadas y da la posibilidad para que desde edades tempranas se integren estudiantes, además de sus docentes, padres de familia y autoridades administrativas, para consolidar comunidades educativas transformadas en gestoras sociales de su propia salud.

Association between the stage of labour during caesarean delivery with adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes among referred mothers to tertiary centres in resource-limited settings

Por: Zewdu · D. · Tantu · T. · Degemu · F. · Abdlwehab · M.
Objective

Although the caesarean delivery (CD) rate has substantially increased, little is known about its impacts when performed in the first and second stages of labour on fetomaternal outcomes, especially among referred mothers. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the association between CDs performed during the first and second stages of labour and poor maternal and neonatal outcomes among mothers referred to tertiary centres.

Setting

This retrospective cohort study analysed medical records of mother–infant pairs from September 2020 to May 2023 in Southern Ethiopia.

Participants

We retrospectively collected data from 848 participants who underwent emergency CD on a referral basis during the study period.

Primary outcome measure

The primary outcomes of interest were adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes. Data were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics.

Results

Of the 848 CDs, 722 (85.2%) and 126 (14.8%) were performed at the first and second stages of labour, respectively. Caesarean sections performed at the second stage were higher with nulliparity, increased maternal age, and birth weight. Compared with the first-stage CD, the second-stage CD was associated with a significantly increased risk of adverse maternal (OR 3.7, 95% CI 2.4 to 5.7) and neonatal outcomes (OR 2.0; 95% CI 1.3 to 2.9), including neonatal death.

Conclusion

Second-stage CDs have an increased risk of adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes. Strengthening and improving obstetric emergency surgical services and intensive neonatal care for those populations would help decrease the maternal and fetal negative consequences.

Effectiveness of motivational strategies on physical activity behavior and associated outcomes in patients with cancer: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

Abstract

Background

Motivational interviewing is a client-centered counseling technique widely applied as a behavior change strategy. It has been adopted to help cancer patients modify health behaviors. The effectiveness of motivational interviewing on physical activity behavior and its associated outcomes in cancer patients is unclear.

Aim

The aim of this review was to determine the effect of motivational interviewing with other motivational strategies on physical activity behavior and associated outcomes in cancer patients.

Methods

This is a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials, following PRISMA guidelines. Eight English databases were searched from inception to October 2022. The outcomes were evaluated using standardized mean differences (SMDs) with fixed- and random-effects models. Methodological quality of the studies was assessed by Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool 2.0.

Results

Eight trials with 450 participants were identified, with sample sizes ranging from 25 to 87. The number of motivational interviewing sessions ranged from one to 12. The types of motivational strategy intervention varied. Apart from motivational interviewing, pedometers were frequently used as a strategy. The quality of the included studies differed, with one out of eight scoring low in the overall risk of bias. Our meta-analysis indicated that motivational interviewing with other motivational strategies significantly promoted the total physical activity level (SMD = 0.34, 95% confidence interval [0.10, 0.58], p = .005; low certainty), but not did not affect other physical and psychosocial outcomes.

Conclusion

The combination of motivational interviewing with other motivational strategies was beneficial in increasing the total physical activity level of cancer patients.

Linking Evidence to Action

Motivational interviewing can be a clinical communication skill that healthcare professionals, especially nurses, can acquire to motivate patients to change their behaviors to promote health. Future studies adopting motivational interviewing interventions could consider additional motivational strategies, such as pedometers, to maximize the benefits on physical activity behaviors.

Collaborative practice in type 2 diabetes management in a developing country: A qualitative study of perceptions and attitudes of key stakeholders

Abstract

Aims and objectives

To explore collaborative practice and perceptions and attitudes of key stakeholders on collaboration in type 2 diabetes management in a tertiary care setting.

Background

Understanding collaborative practice in diabetes care in developing countries helps to design and provide patient-centred and cost-effective care.

Design

An exploratory qualitative study.

Methods

Interviews were undertaken with 30 patients and 18 health professionals and policymakers. Thematic data analysis was undertaken to explore collaborative practice and examine participant perspectives on collaboration in diabetes management. We compared the findings with D'Amour's Collaboration Framework to determine the level of collaboration.

Results

Most participants reported a lack of collaborative practice in diabetes management, while they appreciated its importance in improving care. Perceptions varied with respect to what constituted collaborative practice. Three themes were identified: (1) perspectives of key stakeholders on current practice of collaboration; (2) impediments to collaborative practice; (3) strategies to improve collaborative practice. Analyses of the themes using D'Amour's Collaboration Framework indicated a low level of collaboration among physicians, nurses, pharmacists and policymakers, which was attributed to workload and time pressures on health professionals, power dynamics and lack of role clarity of all actors in collaborative action. Participants commented on the need to improve collaboration by establishing strong leadership and governance at different healthcare structure levels, which is committed to coordinating collaboration and developing collaborative frameworks and policies that guide collaborative undertaking.

Conclusions

Perceived shortcomings of collaboration were attributed to inadequate resources, power dynamics, a lack of strong team functioning and policies. Participants' positive perceptions provide an opportunity to improve collaborative practice through incorporation of collaborative frameworks and policies.

Relevance to Clinical Practice

The findings in this study inform development of tailored and patient-centred diabetes care in tertiary care settings in sub-Saharan Africa.

Reporting Method

The study was reported in accordance with the COREQ checklist.

Patient or Public Contribution

Patients or the public were not involved in the design, analysis or interpretation of the data in this study. However, patients and healthcare providers participated in pilot interviews, which helped refine the interview guides. The summary of the findings of the study was also discussed with patients and healthcare providers, where they provided feedback.

Factores relacionados en la adherencia terapéutica en pacientes a tratamiento hipertensivo

Objetivo: Describir los factores relacionados entre la adherencia terapéutica y el tratamiento farmacológico antihipertensivo. Material y métodos: Estudio observacional de prevalencia sobre una muestra de 100 pacientes hipertensos a tratamiento que acudieron a la Unidad de Hipertensión Arterial del Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Ferrol. Resultados: La media de edad es de 59,71±13.97 años. El 84% son conocedores de su enfermedad. El 86% de los pacientes son cumplidores, test morinsky-Green. El 36% de los pacientes están confusos con el actual cambio a prescripción electrónica de medicamentos genéricos. La no adherencia se asocia con una mala percepción de los genéricos (p=0,027; OR=0,98) y con vivir en zonas rurales (p=0,028; OR: 2,13). Conclusión: La percepción de la prescripción de genéricos por el usuario es mala aunque la adherencia al tratamiento es buena (86%). La no adherencia fue mayor en las zonas rurales y los pacientes con una mala percepción de la e-receta y medicamentos genéricos.

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